Preface xv 1 Application of Mushrooms in the Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants 1 Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Kayode-Edwards Ihotu, Agbontaen Osagie David, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Simon Sunday Ameh, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji Introduction 2 Unique Characteristics of Fungi 4 Specific Contaminants Targeted by Mushrooms 6 Mechanisms of Mushroom Bioremediation 7 Absorption and Accumulation of Contaminants by Mushrooms 9 Transformation and Degradation of Pollutants 10 Role of Enzymes and Metabolic Processes 12 Advancements and Research in Mushroom Bioremediation 13 Emerging Trends in Fungal Bioremediation 15 Genetic Modification of Mushrooms for Enhanced Bioremediation 16 Benefits of Mushroom Bioremediation 19 Challenges and Limitations of Using Mushrooms 21 Future Prospects and Research Opportunities 22 Conclusion and Recommendations 24 References 26 2 Application of Mushroom in the Management of Pest and Diseases Affecting Agricultural Crops 29 Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, John Tsado Mathew and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Properties of Mushroom as Biocontrol Agents (Basidiomycetes) 31 2.3 Mushroom Substrate as Biocontrol Agent for Plant 33 2.4 Mechanism of Action of Mushrooms in the Control of Pests and Diseases 34 2.5 Several Areas Where Mushrooms Can Be Applied 36 2.6 Mushrooms as Disease Control Agents 37 2.7 Conclusion 38 References 38 3 Agricultural Applications of Novel Mushroom-Based Nanopesticide 45 Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Adamu Binta Buba, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 3.

1 Introduction 46 3.2 Advantages of Nanobiopesticides Over Conventional Pesticides 50 3.3 Mushrooms as Nanobiopesticide Sources 52 3.4 Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms Suitable for Nanobiopesticide Development 55 3.5 Role of Mushroom Extracts in Nanoparticle Synthesis 56 3.6 Mechanisms of Action of Nanobiopesticides on Pests and Pathogens 57 3.7 Production and Formulation of Nanobiopesticides 60 3.8 Agricultural Applications of Nanobiopesticides 61 3.

9 Future Prospects and Research Directions 64 3.10 Recommendation and Conclusion 66 References 67 4 Mass Production of Mushroom for Animal Feed 71 Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, John Tsado Mathew and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Mushroom 73 4.3 Mushroom Production 74 4.3.1 Mass Production of Mushrooms for Animal Feed 75 4.3.

2 Mushroom Substrate (Spent) for Feed 77 4.3.3 Mushroom Substrate (Spent) for Poultry 77 4.3.4 Mushroom Substrate (Spent) for Ruminants 77 4.4 Benefits of Feeding Animals with Mushrooms 78 4.5 Conclusion 79 References 80 5 Application of Mushrooms in Management of Soil-Borne Parasites, Nematodes, Bacteria and Fungi 85 Aisha Bisola Bello, Abdullahi Idris Dabban, Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Adioha Amarachi, Joseph Odey Oko, Hammed Opeyemi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 5.1 Introduction 86 5.

2 Soil-Borne Parasites, Nematodes, Bacteria, and Fungi 88 5.2.1 Soil-Borne Nematodes 89 5.2.2 Types of Soil-Borne Bacteria 93 5.2.3 Types of Soil-Borne Fungi 95 5.3 Mushrooms as Biocontrol Agents 98 5.

3.1 Mushrooms as Natural Biopesticide 99 5.3.2 Mechanisms of Mushroom-Mediated Biocontrol 101 5.4 Mushroom Species and Biocontrol Potential 102 5.5 Advantages of Mushroom Biocontrol 107 5.6 Challenges and Limitations of Mushroom Bio-Control 108 5.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 108 References 109 6 Production of Stable Enzymes from Mushrooms with Numerous Biomedical Applications 123 Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Olorunshola Lucky Opeyemi, Mustapha Adamu, Bashaku Yakubu Dabban, Auwalu Bala, Oyegbade Samuel Adeniyi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 6.

1 Introduction 124 6.2 Classes/Types of Mushrooms 126 6.2.1 Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) 126 6.2.2 Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) 126 6.2.3 Portabello 127 6.

2.4 Morel (Morchella) 127 6.2.5 Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) 128 6.2.6 Burnt Matches (Eutypellascorpia) 129 6.2.7 Chanterelle (Cantharellus) 129 6.

2.8 Laetiporus sulphureus 129 6.2.9 Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris) 129 6.2.10 Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) 129 6.2.11 Giraffe Spots (Endophora albobadia) 130 6.

2.12 Destroying Angel (Amanita sp.) 130 6.2.13 Green-Spored Lepiota (Chloropyhllum) 130 6.2.14 Matsutake Mushroom 130 6.2.

15 Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes) 131 6.2.16 Truffles 131 6.2.17 Shimeji 131 6.3 Stable Enzymes Produced by Mushrooms 131 6.3.1 Ligninolytic Enzymes 132 6.

3.1.1 Lignin Peroxidase 132 6.3.1.2 Manganese Peroxidase 133 6.3.1.

3 Versatile Peroxidase 133 6.3.1.4 Laccases 133 6.3.1.5 Tyrosinase 134 6.3.

2 Hydrolases 134 6.3.2.1 Cellulases 134 6.3.2.2 Xylanase 135 6.3.

2.3 Pectinases 135 6.3.2.4 Amylases 135 6.3.2.5 Proteases 136 6.

3.2.6 Esterase 136 6.3.3 Stress Enzymes 136 6.4 Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications of Stable Mushroom Enzymes 137 6.4.1 Mushroom Enzymes as Antimicrobial Agents 138 6.

4.2 Mushroom Enzymes as Anticancer and Antitumor Agents 139 6.4.3 Mushroom Enzymes as Antioxidants 140 6.4.4 Other Applications of Mushroom Enzymes 141 6.5 Some Limitations of Mushroom Enzymes 145 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 146 References 147 7 Relevance of Mushrooms for Biological Control of Diverse Biotic Agent Mitigating Against Agricultural Crops 159 Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Abel Inobeme and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel 7.

1 Introduction 160 7.1.1 Benefits of Using Mushrooms in Pest and Disease Management 161 7.1.2 Challenges of Mycopesticides 162 7.2 Fungal Biopesticides 163 7.2.1 How Fungal Biopesticides Work 163 7.

2.2 Advantages of Fungal Biopesticides 164 7.2.3 Challenges and Considerations of Fungal Biopesticides 165 7.2.4 Some Key Points Regarding Fungal Biopesticides 166 7.3 Mycoparasitism 167 7.4 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Health 170 7.

5 Companion Planting 172 7.6 Challenges and Considerations 174 7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 175 7.7.1 Future Perspectives 176 References 177 8 Discovery and Relevance of Novel Pharmacological Substances from Beneficial Mushrooms 183 Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Abel Inobeme and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel 8.1 Introduction 184 8.1.1 Brief Overview of Beneficial Mushrooms 185 8.

1.2 Importance of Discovering Novel Pharmacological Substances in Mushrooms 187 8.1.3 Beneficial Mushrooms as a Source of Pharmacological Substances 188 8.1.4 Historical Use of Mushrooms in Traditional Medicine 190 8.2 Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms 192 8.3 Pharmacological Activities of Mushroom-Derived Compounds 193 8.

4 Clinical Applications and Relevance 195 8.5 Challenges and Future Directions 196 Conclusion 197 References 197 9 Application of Mushroom in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus 209 Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola and John Tsado Mathew Introduction 210 Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus 210 Mushroom and Its Biomolecules 212 Mushroom and Health 213 Therapeutic Potential of Mushroom in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus 214 Conclusion 216 References 217 10 Application of Mushrooms in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases 221 Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Frances Iseghohi, Aishat Sani Rabiu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola, and Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel 10.1 Introduction 222 10.2 Selected Medicinal Mushrooms 224 10.2.1 Ganoderma lucidum 224 10.2.2 Hericium erinaceus (Lions Mane Mushroom) 225 10.

2.3 Agaricus bisporus 226 10.3 Nutritional Composition of Mushrooms 227 10.4 Bioactive Compounds in Mushrooms 229 10.4.1 The Polysaccharide 229 10.4.2 Terpenoids 230 10.

4.3 Steroids 230 10.4.4 Phenolics 231 10.4.5 Alkaloids 232 10.5 Cardioprotective Effect of Mushrooms 232 10.6 Conclusion 233 References 234 11 Application of Mushroom in the Regulation of Gut Microbiome and Maintenance of Gut Health 239 Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Oluwabukola Atinuke Popoola and John Tsado Mathew Introduction 240 Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease 241 Mushrooms and Their Derived Bioactive Molecules 243 Health Benefits of Edible Mushroom Associated with Maintenance of Gut Health 245 Conclusion 246 References 247 12 Applications of Mushrooms i.