Preface xix 1 The Role of Nanomaterials in Agriculture as Nanofertilizers 1 Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Abdulqadir Bala Ibrahim, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Ahmadu Shekwaga Khalifa, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 4 1.3 Nanomaterials 5 1.4 Nanofertilizers 24 1.

5 Conclusion 31 References 32 2 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan Using Agricultural Waste 39 Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Wuna Muhammad Muhammad, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Different Sources of Agricultural Waste 41 2.3 Synthesis of Nano-Chitosan 47 2.4 Conclusion 57 References 58 3 Reduction of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nanochitosan 69 Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 3.

1 Introduction 70 3.2 Types of Greenhouse Gases Emitted in Agriculture 72 3.3 Environmental and Economic Consequences of Greenhouse Gases 74 3.4 Nanochitosan as a Potential Mitigation Strategy 75 3.5 Mechanisms of Action for Emission Reduction 77 3.6 Crop Yield and Quality 78 3.7 Limitations and Future Research Directions 81 3.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 82 References 84 4 The Application of Nanochitosan Biopesticides as a Replacement to Synthetic Pesticides 89 Suleiman Imam Malik, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K.

I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 Nanochitosan 91 4.3 Efficacy of Nanochitosan Compared to Synthetic Pesticides 100 4.4 Challenges and Future Prospects for the Use of Chitosan Nanoparticles as Biopesticides 104 4.5 Conclusion 105 4.

6 Recommendations 106 References 106 5 The Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancement in the Quality and Yield of Fruit Crops 111 Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew 5.1 Introduction 112 5.2 Chitosan 112 5.3 The Impact of Chitosan NPs on the Growth and Yields of Some Fruit Crops 113 5.4 Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles (ChNPs) 115 5.

5 Other Potential Use of Nanochitosan for Enhancing Fruit Crops 117 5.6 Conclusion 118 References 119 6 Application of Nanochitosan for Effective Fruit Production 123 Ibrahim Dawud, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Eniola K. I. T., Mohammed Bello Yerima and John Tsado Mathew 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 Mechanism of Action 125 6.3 Fruits 125 6.

4 Guidelines in Effective Application of Nanochitosan 129 6.5 Application of Nanochitosan for Different Fruits 131 6.6 Conclusion 132 References 132 7 Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Mycotoxins 137 Abdulmajid Musa Maku, Suleiman Imam Malik, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oyegbade Samuel Adeniyi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima 7.1 Introduction 138 7.2 Nanochitosan 140 7.

3 Advantages of Nanochitosan 145 7.4 Conclusion 149 7.5 Recommendations 150 References 150 8 Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sectors 155 Ummulkhair Salamah Ilyasu, Faridah Laraba Tauheed, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima 8.1 The Evolution of Food Packaging 156 8.2 Standard Food Packaging 157 8.

3 Types of Food Packaging 157 8.4 Environmental Impacts of Food Packaging 158 8.5 Significance of Food Packaging 159 8.6 Current Challenges in the Field of Food Packaging and Sustainability 160 8.7 Current Scenario of Nanotechnology Application in Food Packaging 160 8.8 Different Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Applications 161 8.9 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles 163 8.10 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 170 8.

11 Conclusion 172 References 173 9 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additive and Preservatives 181 Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Gbotemi Jerry Oni, Andrew Alalade Kolawole, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima 9.1 Introduction 182 9.2 Importance of Food Additives and Preservatives in the Food Industry 182 9.3 Transition to the Application of Nanochitosan in Food Preservation 184 9.4 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 186 9.

5 Mechanisms of Food Spoilage and Preservation 187 9.6 Application of Nanochitosan as Food Additives 190 9.7 Safety and Regulatory Considerations for Nanochitosan 194 9.8 Case Studies and Practical Applications of Nanochitosan 198 9.9 Future Prospects and Challenges 201 9.10 Conclusion 204 References 205 10 Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites in Packaging of Food Products 217 Tsado Priscilla Yetu, NengakYunana, Soda Gaius Baga, Innocent Ojeba Musa, Ibrahim Dawud, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T.

and Mohammed Bello Yerima 10.1 Introduction 218 10.2 The Chitosan Antimicrobial Potential 219 10.3 Chitosan Composites for Food Applications 220 10.4 Conclusion 240 References 241 11 Application of Nanochitosan as Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture 249 Ibrahim Dawud, Ahmad Muhammad Abubakar, Mujahid Hussaini, Sherifat Enejiyon Ozavize, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima 11.

1 Introduction to Nanoparticle and Chitosan 250 11.2 Nanofertilizers 251 11.3 Biofertilizers 261 11.4 Application of Nanochitosan for Sustainable Agricultural Activities 268 11.5 Conclusion 273 References 273 12 Application of Nanochitosan in Plant Growth and Crop Protection 281 Innocent Ojeba Musa, Job Oloruntoba Samuel, Mustapha Adamu, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima 12.

1 Introduction 282 12.2 Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals 283 12.3 The Mechanism of Actions of Chitosan Against the Pathogens 290 12.4 Agronanochemicals Pose Adverse Effects on Human Health and Environmental Welfare 296 12.5 Conclusion 297 References 297 13 Chitosan-Based Nanosystems: Antimicrobial Activity in Agrifood Sector 301 Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Nana Hauwau Ahmad, Rukayat Abidemi Fasasi, Nasiru Usman Adabara, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima 13.

1 Introduction 302 13.2 Chitosan 304 13.3 Nanotechnology in Agrifood Industry 308 13.4 Various Forms of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems Used in Agrifood 308 13.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles 309 13.6 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites 311 13.7 Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems 313 13.8 Antibiofilm Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives 314 13.

9 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems in Food Preservation 315 13.10 Toxicology, Safety, and Regulatory Aspects of Nanosystem 317 13.11 Conclusion 319 References 319 14 Significant of Nanochitosan in the Management of Biotic Stress 331 Willy Barinem Vidona, Charity Willy-Vidona and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 14.1 Introduction 332 14.2 Nanochitosan Compound 332 14.3 Methods of Preparation 334 14.4 Significance of Nanochitosan 334 14.5 Biotic Stress Mechanism 336 14.

6 Management of Biotic Stress Conditions 337 References 340 15 Relevance of Nanochitosan in Food Sector and Food Packaging Sectors: Current Trends 345 John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole 15.1 Introduction 346 15.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles and Food Packaging 349 15.3 Potential Application of Nanochitosan in Food Packaging 351 15.4 Nanochitosan in Food Packaging Sector 356 15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 357 References 358 16 Application of Nanochitosan for the Biodegradation of Agricultural Wastes 361 John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Isah Mohammed Chado, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Jibrin Noah Akoji, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole 16.1 Introduction 362 16.2 Role of Nanochitosan in Waste Management Nanochitosan 364 16.

3 Unique Properties of Nanochitosan 365 16.4 Application of Nanochitosan in Agricultural Waste Biodegradation 367 16.5 Mechanisms of Nanochitosan in Biodegradation 369 16.6 Nanochitosan-Based Biodegradation Techniques 370 16.7 Environmental Benefits of Nanochitosan-Ba.