Biography of Book Editors xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 Bing Ni Part 1: Biomimetic Inorganic Nanostructures 4 Part 2: Biomacromolecules and Structural Mimics 4 Part 3: Nanomaterials Mimicking Biocatalytic Processes 5 References 5 2 Biominerals and Biomineralization 7 Jie Wang, Zonghao Yu, Zhaoming Liu 2.1 Typical Biominerals 7 2.2 Unique Structures of Biominerals 12 2.3 A Crystal Growth View on Biomineralization Process 15 2.4 Inspirations from Biomineralization 19 2.4.1 Manufacture of Biomimetic Structures 20 2.4.

2 Controllable Arrangement of Ions - A Biomimetic Process 21 2.4.3 Life-Material Hybrids 23 2.5 Conclusion 25 References 25 3 Designing Functional Biomorphs 33 Bing Ni 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Overview of the Biomorph Formation Mechanism 35 3.3 Influence and Potential Application of the Biomorphs 41 3.4 Conclusion 44 References 44 4 Biomimetic Materials Inspired by Bone and Tooth 47 Yifan Xu, Yuning Wang, Yanhuizhi Feng 4.

1 Introduction 47 4.2 Biomimetic Artificial Bone 48 4.2.1 The Structure and Mineralization of Bone 48 4.2.1.1 The Composition and Structure of Bone 48 4.2.

1.2 The Synthesis and Self-assembly of Type I Collagen 48 4.2.1.3 The Mineralization of Bone 50 4.2.2 Artificial Bone 52 4.2.

2.1 Acellular Scaffolds 53 4.2.2.2 Electrospinning Technology 54 4.2.2.3 3D Bioprinting Technology 54 4.

2.2.4 Freeze-drying Technology 54 4.2.3 Future Directions 56 4.3 Biomimetic Artificial Tooth 56 4.3.1 The Structure and Mineralization of Tooth 56 4.

3.1.1 The Structure of Enamel 56 4.3.1.2 The Mineralization of Enamel 57 4.3.1.

3 The Structure of Dentin 58 4.3.1.4 The Mineralization of Dentin 58 4.3.2 Biomimetic Tooth 59 4.3.2.

1 Biomimetic Enamel 59 4.3.2.2 Biomimetic Dentin 64 4.3.3 Future Directions 65 References 65 5 Biomimetic Chiral Nanomaterials 73 Lili Tan, Peng-peng Wang 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Biomolecular Encoding Chiral Inorganic Nanomaterials 74 5.

2.1 Biomimetic Inorganic Nanomaterials with Surface Chirality 75 5.2.2 Biomolecularly Programmed Inorganic Assemblies 77 5.2.3 Chiral-shaped Inorganic Nanomaterials 80 5.3 Bioinspired Applications 81 5.3.

1 Chiral Sensor 81 5.3.2 Chiral Catalyst 82 5.3.3 Chiral Therapy 85 5.4 Conclusion 86 References 87 6 Biomacromolecular Mimics 93 Nan Wu, Xiao Sang, Xinyu Zhang, and Xinyu Liu 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Structure and Function of Biomacromolecules 94 6.

2.1 Nucleic Acids 94 6.2.2 Proteins 95 6.2.3 Polysaccharides 97 6.3 Development of Biomacromolecular Mimics 97 6.3.

1 Directly Copying the Structures of Biomacromolecules 97 6.3.1.1 Genetic and Protein Engineering 98 6.3.1.2 Folding and Assembly 100 6.3.

2 Chemical Modification of Bioproducts 102 6.3.2.1 Covalent Modification 102 6.3.2.2 Noncovalent Modification 104 6.3.

2.3 De Novo Organic Synthesis 106 6.3.2.4 Enzyme-catalyzed Modification 109 6.4 Applications of Bio-macromolecular Mimics 110 6.4.1 Application of Nucleic Acid-based Mimics 111 6.

4.2 Application of Protein-based Mimics 112 6.4.3 Polysaccharide-based Mimics 113 6.5 Challenges and Future Directions 115 6.6 Conclusion 115 References 116 7 Advanced Wood-based Bionic Materials 125 Yingying li 7.1 Wood Bionic Intelligence Science 125 7.2 Theoretical Basis of Wood Bionics Science 126 7.

2.1 Hierarchal Structure of Wood 126 7.2.2 Multi-scale Porous Structure of Wood 127 7.3 Advanced Wood-based Materials 127 7.3.1 Transparent Wood-based Materials 128 7.3.

2 Ultra-strong Wood 130 7.3.3 Magnetic-responsive Wood 131 7.3.4 Light-temperature Responsive Wood 133 7.3.5 Energy Storage Wood 134 7.3.

6 Superhydrophobic Wood 135 7.4 Conclusion 136 References 137 8 Bio-inspired Multifunctional Nanocellulose Materials 141 Jieming Qiu, Rui Xiong 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Classification of Nanocellulose 142 8.2.1 The Main Properties of Nanocellulose 143 8.2.1.

1 Excellent Mechanical Properties 143 8.2.1.2 Surface Chemical Tunability 143 8.2.1.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability 144 8.3 Multidimensional Structural Design of Nanocellulose 144 8.

3.1 1D Nanocellulose Structures 145 8.3.1.1 Individual Fibril Structure 145 8.3.1.2 Aligned Nanofibril Structure 150 8.

3.2 2D Hierarchical Structure 151 8.3.2.1 Self-assembly 152 8.3.2.2 LbL Growth 153 8.

3.3 3D/4D Hierarchical Architectures 154 8.3.3.1 3D/4D Printing 154 8.3.3.2 Ice-templating Assembly 156 8.

3.3.3 Self-assembly of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Structures 157 8.4 Conclusion and Outlook 160 References 161 9 Biomass-based Materials for a Circular Economy 173 Bing Ni 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Lignin Extraction and Functionalization 174 9.3 Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels 179 9.4 Biomass Conversion to Functional Carbon Materials 182 9.

5 Conclusion 189 References 189 10 Biomimetic Aerogel 197 Hong Ju Jung 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Anisotropic Building Blocks 199 10.2.1 2D Material Dispersions 199 10.2.2 1D Material Dispersions 201 10.2.

3 Hybrid Material Dispersions 202 10.3 Assembly Techniques 203 10.3.1 Self-assembly 205 10.3.2 Freeze Casting 205 10.3.3 Breath-figure Method 205 10.

3.4 Electrochemical Gelation 206 10.4 Applications 206 10.4.1 Thermal Insulation 207 10.4.2 Elastic Sponges 208 10.4.

3 Water Transport 208 10.4.4 Bio-scaffolds 209 10.4.5 Energy Storage System 209 10.4.6 Other Applications for Conductive BAs 211 10.5 Discussion 211 10.

5.1 Diversity of Shapes 212 10.5.2 Mass Production 212 10.5.3 Structural Analysis 213 10.6 Conclusion 214 References 214 11 Mechanical Materials with Biomimetic Hierarchical Structures 221 Wenbing Wu 11.1 Introduction 221 11.

2 Lamellar Organization 222 11.2.1 Layer-by-layer Assembly 222 11.2.2 Freeze-casting 225 11.2.3 Bulk Fabrication Methods 228 11.2.

4 Additive Manufacturing 230 11.3 Columnar Organization 232 11.4 Challenges and Perspectives 235 References 238 12 Nanozyme 247 Ying Liu, Ruijie Qin, Run Yang, Huan Guo, Zhe Hao, Zhicheng Zhang, Ruizhong Zhang, Xiyan Li, Libing Zhang 12.1 Introduction of Nanozyme 247 12.2 Classification of Nanozymes 249 12.2.1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials for Nanozyme 249 12.2.

2 Metal-based Nanomaterials for Nanozyme 250 12.2.3 Metal Oxide-based Nanomaterials for Nanozymes 251 12.2.4 Single-atomic Nanomaterials for Nanozymes 253 12.3 Applications of Nanozymes in Bioanalysis 254 12.3.1 Detection of Ions 254 12.

3.2 Detection of Small Biological Molecules 255 12.3.3 Detection of Biological Macromolecules 256 12.3.4 Detection of Bacteria 257 12.3.5 Detection of Cancer Cells and Extracellular Vesicles 258 12.

4 Applications of Nanozymes in Therapy 259 12.4.1 Nanozymes for Prooxidative Therapy 260 12.4.1.1 Antibacterial Applications 260 12.4.1.

2 Anti-tumor Applications 260 12.4.2 Nanozymes for Cytoprotection and Antioxidant Therapy 262 12.4.2.1 Cytoprotection Applications 262 12.4.2.

2 Antioxidant Applications 262 12.5 Challenges and Perspective 264 Acknowledgment 265 References 265 13 Photosynthesis and Photocatalytic Water Splitting 273 Xiaoke Li, Rui Yang, Zhicheng Zhang 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Photosynthesis: A Natural Masterpiece 274 13.3 Artificial Photocatalytic Water Splitting 275 13.3.1 Photocatalysts 276 13.4 Comparison of Natural and Artificial Systems 276 13.

4.1 Quantum Efficiency 276 13.4.2 Mechanistic Differences 278 13.4.3 Charge Separation and Recombination 279 13.5 Potential Improvements in Artificial Systems 280 13.5.

1 Improved Photocatalysts 280 13.5.2 Nanostructuring 281 13.5.3 Spatial Separation of HER and OER 284 13.6 Conclusion and Outlook 285 Acknowledgment 286 References 286 14 CO2 Conversion 291 Ziru Wang, Peilei He 14.1 Introduction: Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 291 14.2 Nanostructures for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 293 14.

2.1 Semiconductor Nanostructures 293 14.2.2 Metal-organic Frameworks 295 14.2.3 CO2 Fixation Enzymes: Biomimetic Approaches 296 14.3 Challenges and Perspectives 297 References 298 15 Artificial N2 Fixation 303 Jinzheng Liu, Mingzhu Li, Mingliang Hu, Ruizhong Zhang, Xiyan Li, Zhicheng Zhang, Libing Zhang 15.1 Introduction 303 15.

2 Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 306 15.2.1 Precious Metal-based Materials for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 309 15.2.2 Non-precious Metal-based Materials for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 312 15.2.3 Nonmetallic Base Material for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 314 15.3 Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 3.