List of Contributors xv Foreword xix Preface xxiii Part I Traits 1 1 Body Size and Timing of Maturation 3 Toomas Tammaru and Tiit Teder 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Part I 3 1.3 Part II 13 1.4 Conclusions 18 Acknowledgements 18 References 18 2 Evolution of Ageing and Lifespan 29 Alexei A. Maklakov 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Evolutionary Theory of Ageing 30 2.
3 Asynchronous Ageing 38 2.4 Sex Differences in Ageing 40 2.5 Williams and Anti-Williams: Age, Density and Condition-Dependence of Mortality 42 2.6 Concluding Remarks 43 Acknowledgements 43 References 43 3 Offspring Size and Life History Theory: What Do We Know?: What Do We Still Need to Learn? 49 Dustin J. Marshall 3.1 Offspring Size Defined 49 3.2 The Knowns 49 3.3 The Unknowns 55 References 57 4 The Evolution of Insect Egg Loads: The Balance of Time and Egg Limitation 61 Michal Segoli, Miriam Kishinevsky, and George E.
Heimpel 4.1 Trade-Offs Between Early and Late Components of Reproduction 61 4.2 Time vs. Egg Limitation in Insects 61 4.3 Egg Maturation Patterns 62 4.4 The Relative Importance of Egg and Time Limitation 62 4.5 Additional Life History Strategies to Overcome the Risk of Egg Limitation 68 4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 69 Acknowledgements 69 References 70 5 Sex-Specific Life Histories 77 Hanna Kokko 5.
1 Introduction 77 5.2 Various Unidirectional Effects: Unguarded X, Mother''s Curse and Toxic Y 78 5.3 Multi-directionality: Coevolution of Different Traits 79 5.4 Towards Progress 90 Acknowledgements 91 References 91 6 Parental Care and Life History 97 Hope Klug and Michael B. Bonsall 6.1 What Is Parental Care and How Does It Relate to Life History? 97 6.2 Distinguishing Between the Origin and the Maintenance of Parental Care 98 6.3 Life History and the Origin of Parental Care 98 6.
4 Life History and the Maintenance of Parental Care 100 6.5 Co-evolution Between Parental Care, Offspring Traits and Parental Traits 101 6.6 Sexual Selection, Life History and Sex Differences in Parental Care 102 6.7 Stochasticity, Environmental Variability, Life History and Parental Care 104 6.8 Plasticity and the Evolution of Parental Care 106 6.9 Final Conclusions and Future Directions 108 Acknowledgements 108 References 108 7 Sex Allocation 113 Jun Abe and Stuart A. West 7.1 Introduction 113 7.
2 Fisher''s Theory 113 7.3 Interaction with Relatives 115 7.4 Environmental Condition 120 7.5 Future Directions 126 Acknowledgements 126 References 126 8 Life History Evolution: Complex Life Cycles Across Animal Diversity 131 Andreas Heyland, Konstantin Khalturin, and Vincent Laudet 8.1 Integration of Metamorphic Development Within the Life Cycle 131 8.2 The Regulation of Metamorphic Development by Hormones 131 8.3 Review of Metamorphic Mechanisms Across Taxa with Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations 132 8.4 Anthropogenic Environmental Impacts and Global Climate Change 144 References 145 9 Social Living and Life History Evolution, with a Focus on Ageing and Longevity 155 Judith Korb and Volker Nehring 9.
1 Introduction 155 9.2 Ultimate Causes of Long Reproductive Lifespans 156 9.3 Colony Life History in Obligatory Eusocial Insects 162 9.4 Proximate Mechanisms 163 9.5 Conclusion 166 Acknowledgements 167 References 167 10 Integrating Dispersal in Life History 175 Dries Bonte 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Dispersal as Part of the Life History 176 10.3 The Theory of Dispersal and Life Histories 177 10.
4 Dispersal-Life History Co-variation in Nature 180 10.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook: Why Should We Care? 184 References 185 11 The Evolution of Human Life Histories 191 Megan Arnot and Ruth Mace 11.1 Introduction 191 11.2 Life History Trade-Offs 191 11.3 The Life Histories of Great Apes 192 11.4 Variation in Human Life History 195 11.5 Menopause and the Post-reproductive Lifespan 197 11.6 Final Remarks 205 References 205 Part II Interactions 213 12 Life History Traits in the Context of Predator-Prey Interactions 215 Joseph Travis 12.
1 Introduction 215 12.2 Types of Predation 216 12.3 Theory for Predator-Driven Life History Evolution 217 12.4 Empirical Evidence 220 12.5 Adaptive Plasticity in Life Histories 222 12.6 Future Directions 224 Acknowledgements 225 References 225 13 Life History Trait Evolution in the Context of Host-Parasite Interactions 229 Alison B. Duncan, Giacomo Zilio, and Oliver Kaltz 13.1 Introduction 229 13.
2 Host Life History Evolution in Response to Parasites 230 13.3 Parasite Life History Evolution in Response to Hosts: The Case of Virulence 238 13.4 Concluding Remarks 245 References 246 14 How Do Microbial Symbionts Shape the Life Histories of Multicellular Organisms? 255 Elad Chiel and Yuval Gottlieb 14.1 Introduction 255 14.2 Categories of Microbial Symbiosis 256 14.3 How Microbial Symbionts Are Involved in Essential Biological Functions of Their Hosts? 256 14.4 Nutritional Microbial Symbionts 257 14.5 Reproductive Microbial Symbionts 258 14.
6 Defensive Microbial Endosymbionts 259 14.7 Diapause and Microbial Symbionts 262 14.8 Concluding Remarks 262 References 262 15 Ecological and Evolutionary Links Between Defences and Life History Traits in Plants 269 Xoaquín Moreira and Luis Abdala-Roberts 15.1 Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Defences Against Herbivores 269 15.2 Correlated Evolution of Plant Defences and Life History Traits 270 15.3 Tripartite Views Shed Insight into the Evolution of Plant Life History Traits 276 15.4 Challenges for Future Research 277 References 278 16 Are you in Synch?: How the Timing of Plant and Insect Life History Events Affects Pollination Interactions 285 Tamar Keasar and Tzlil Labin 16.1 Generalisation in Pollination Networks 285 16.
2 What Drives Flowering Phenology? 286 16.3 What Drives Pollinator Phenology? 286 16.4 Do Interacting Plant-Insect Species Share Similar Reaction Norms to Temperature? 286 16.5 Species-Level Phenological Asynchrony and Generalized Pollination: A Case Study 287 16.6 Community-Level Phenology and Pollination Specialisation 291 16.7 Concluding Remarks 292 References 293 17 Life Histories in the Context of Mutualism 297 Renee M. Borges 17.1 Introduction 297 17.
2 Mutualism Benefits and Life History Traits 298 17.3 Future Directions 306 References 307 Part III Applications 315 18 Life History and Climate Change 317 Juha Merilä and Lei lv 18.1 Introduction 317 18.2 Effects of ACC on Life History Strategies and Trade-Offs 318 18.3 Phenology 319 18.4 Body Size 320 18.5 Reproductive Output and Success 321 18.6 Survival and Senescence 322 18.
7 Population Demography and Extinction Risk 324 18.8 Genetic or Environmental Responses 325 18.9 Conclusions and Outlook 326 Acknowledgements 326 References 326 19 Environmental Pollution Effects on Life History 333 Denis Réale, Loïc Quevarec, and Jean-Marc Bonzom 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 The Role of Life History Theories in Ecotoxicology 334 19.3 The Acquisition/Allocation Principle and the Responses of Organisms to Pollution 335 19.4 Literature Survey on Mechanisms Involved in the Life History Responses to Pollutants 339 19.5 Case Studies 347 19.
6 Conclusion and Future Directions 348 References 350 20 Life History Evolution on Expansion Fronts 357 Elodie Vercken and Ben L. Phillips 20.1 What Are Expansion Fronts and Why Are They Hotspots for Rapid Evolution 357 20.2 Trade-Offs Matter 363 20.3 Other Types of Expansions, How Our Expectations Might Change 364 20.4 An Applied Case Study: The Cane Toad 367 20.5 Summary and Future Directions 368 References 368 21 Adaptive Evolution of Life History Traits in Urban Environments 375 Yuval Itescu, Maud Bernard-Verdier, and Jonathan M. Jeschke 21.
1 Introduction 375 21.2 Urban Drivers of Selection on Life History Traits 375 21.3 Studying Evolution in Urban Areas 379 21.4 Available Evidence of Adaptive Life History Evolution in Urban Areas 380 21.5 Synthesis and Perspectives 389 Acknowledgements 393 References 393 22 Life History and Biological Control 403 Paul K. Abram and Ryan L. Paul 22.1 Introduction 403 22.
2 Selecting Among Interspecific Life History Variation 406 22.3 Managing or Manipulating Intraspecific Life History Variation 409 22.4 Using Life History to Inform Environmental Management and Agent Release Strategies 413 22.5 Future Directions and Conclusions 416 Acknowledgements 417 References 418 23 Life History and Exploita.