Preface xiii 1 Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Public Health Emergencies: Global Significance, Challenges, and Disease Detection Strategies 1 Yan Du and Jinghong li 1.1 Beyond Infectious Threats: Expanding the Horizons of Global Health Challenges 2 1.1.1 Introduction to Global Health Challenges 2 1.1.2 Determinants Influencing the Spread and Management of Diseases 2 1.2 Tracing the Seven Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Announcements by the World Health Organization: From H1N1 to Monkeypox 3 1.2.
1 Overview of the World Health Organization''s Criteria for Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern 3 1.2.2 List of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Declarations with Dates and Brief Descriptions 3 1.2.2.1 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic (2009) 3 1.2.2.
2 Poliovirus (2014) 4 1.2.2.3 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in West Africa (2014) 4 1.2.2.4 Zika Virus (2016) 4 1.2.
2.5 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2019) 4 1.2.2.6 COVID-19 Pandemic (2020) 4 1.2.2.7 Monkeypox (2022) 5 1.
2.3 Comparative Analysis of the Responses to Each Public Health Emergency of International Concern and the Evolution of Global Health Security Measures 5 1.3 A Close Look at Smallpox, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Influenza Variations 5 1.3.1 Eradication Effort and Lessons Learned from Smallpox 6 1.3.2 Etiology, Transmission, and the Global Response of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 6 1.3.
3 Evolution of Influenza Strains and Their Implications for Global Pandemics 6 1.4 Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Major Public Health Emergencies 6 1.4.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus Antigen Immunoassay 7 1.4.2 Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Its Variants 7 1.4.2.
1 High-Sensitivity Rapid Detection of COVID- 19 7 1.4.2.2 Single-Base Resolution Identification and Rapid Screening of COVID- 19 Variants 8 1.4.2.3 Single-Base Resolution Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Technology Assisting Vaccine Development and Drug Screening 9 1.4.
3 Genetic Evolution Monitoring of the Monkeypox Virus 10 1.5 Conclusion and Discussion 12 References 13 2 Mastering Clinical Diagnostics: Modern Strategies for PHEIC Responses 19 XinxinShenandXuejunMa 2.1 Clinical Evaluation Comprehensive Pathway: From Cutting-edge Laboratory Analysis 19 2.2 Recombinase-aided Isothermal Amplification of Nucleic Acids: A New Dawn in Detection and Analysis 20 2.2.1 Introduction 20 2.2.2 Principle of the Recombinase-aided Amplification 21 2.
2.3 The Detection of the RAA Products 22 2.2.4 Applications of Recombinase-aided Amplification 25 2.2.5 Advantages and Limitations of Recombinase-aided Amplification 28 2.2.6 Recent Advances of Recombinase-aided Amplification 29 2.
2.7 Summary 41 2.3 Summary 41 References 42 3 Diving into the ELISA Technique: Its Role and Innovations in Public Health 45 Xin Wang, Nan Cheng, and Juewen Liu 3.1 Introduction to ELISA and Its Components 45 3.2 Recognition Molecules 47 3.2.1 Antibodies 47 3.2.
2 Aptamers 49 3.2.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 51 3.3 Signaling Molecules, Enzymes, and Nanozymes 51 3.3.1 Enzyme/Antibody Conjugates 52 3.3.2 Nanozymes and Nanozyme/Antibody Conjugates 53 3.
3.3 Some Common Substrates in ELISA 54 3.4 Different Assay Formats 55 3.5 ELISA for Viral Detection: SARS-CoV-2 as an Example 58 3.5.1 SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection 58 3.5.2 SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection 61 3.
6 ELISA for Bacterial Identification 62 3.7 ELISA in Microfluidic Devices and Other Advanced Applications 64 3.7.1 Microfluidic-Integrated ELISA 64 3.7.2 Paper-Based Microfluidic ELISA 67 3.8 ELISA Using Aptamers 67 3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 69 References 70 4 Metallic Nanomaterials for Plasmonic Biosensors and Flexible Bioelectronics 77 Heng Zhang, Yi Chen, Cheng Yang, Yiyi Liu, and Wenlong Cheng 4.
1 Introduction 77 4.2 Overview of Plasmonic Nanostructures 78 4.2.1 Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanoparticles 79 4.2.2 Nanoplasmonic Building Blocks ("Meta-atoms") 80 4.2.3 Plasmonic "Meta-molecules" 81 4.
3 Plasmonic "Meta-crystals" 85 4.4 Plasmonic Biosensors 88 4.4.1 Plasmonic-based SERS Sensors 89 4.4.2 LSPR Colorimetric Sensors 96 4.5 Soft Bioelectronics 101 4.5.
1 Materials and Design 102 4.5.2 Flexible Biosensors 107 4.5.2.1 Chemical Biomarkers 108 4.5.2.
2 Physical Biomarkers 109 4.5.3 Soft Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors 111 4.5.4 Plasmonics-enhanced Electrochemical Sensors 113 4.5.5 Plasmonic-FET Biosensors 116 4.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 119 References 121 5 Deciphering Pathogens: The Power of Genomic Sequencing in Public Health 139 Hai-Yan Wang 5.
1 Introduction 139 5.2 DNA Sequencing Technology 149 5.2.1 History of DNA Sequencing Technology 149 5.2.1.1 The Invention of First-Generation DNA Sequencing Technology 149 5.2.
1.2 The Second Generation of DNA Sequencing Technology 150 5.2.1.3 The Third Generation of DNA Sequencing 151 5.3 Nanopore Sequencing Technology, Bioinformatics and Applications in Genomic Sequencing 154 5.3.1 The Principle and History of Nanopore Sequencing 154 5.
3.2 Nanopore Technology Used in Genomic Sequencing 160 5.3.3 Nanopore Technology Used in Pathogen Diagnosis 162 5.4 Conclusion and Perspective 164 References 166 6 The Art of Molecular Diagnosis: Techniques and Implications for Public Health 181 Lu Gao, Zhiyin Wang, Pengkun Yin, Sitong Lv, Ye Peng, Yao liu, and Feng li 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Criteria for Developing Molecular Diagnostic Technologies 184 6.2.
1 Robustness and Reliability 184 6.2.2 Specificity 184 6.2.3 Sensitivity 185 6.2.4 Speed 185 6.3 Amplifying the Invisible: PCR''s Pivotal Role in Genetic Detection 185 6.
3.1 Overview of PCR 185 6.3.2 Types of PCR 186 6.3.2.1 Reverse Transcription PCR 186 6.3.
2.2 Asymmetric PCR 186 6.3.2.3 Nested PCR 188 6.3.2.4 Arms Pcr 188 6.
3.3 Quantitative PCR 188 6.3.3.1 Dye-Based qPCR 189 6.3.3.2 Molecular Beacon-Based qPCR 190 6.
3.3.3 TaqMan Probe-Based qPCR 190 6.3.4 Digital PCR 191 6.3.4.1 Droplet-Based Microfluidic Technology and Chip-Based Microfluidic Technology 192 6.
3.5 Portable PCR for Point-of-Care Testing 197 6.4 Isothermal Amplification: Revolutionizing Molecular Diagnostics with Constant Temperature 202 6.4.1 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification 202 6.4.1.1 Integration of LAMP with Various Detection Technologies 203 6.
4.1.2 Integration of LAMP with Various Detection Equipments 205 6.4.2 Recombinase Polymerase Amplification 208 6.4.3 Strand Displacement Amplification 211 6.4.
4 Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification 211 6.4.5 Exponential Amplification Reaction 215 6.4.6 Rolling Circle Amplification 216 6.5 Isothermal and Enzyme-Free Nucleic Acid Amplification 220 6.6 Summary and Outlook 223 References 224 7 CRISPR-Based Molecular Diagnostics: A Revolution in Detection and Management of Diseases 235 Bang-Ce Ye, Pei-Qiang Ma, and Zhen-Ping Zou 7.1 Dissecting CRISPR: Its Classification, Tools, and Mechanisms 236 7.
1.1 The Classification of CRISPR/Cas Systems 236 7.1.1.1 Class 1 CRISPR/Cas Systems 239 7.1.1.2 Class 2 CRISPR/Cas Systems 242 7.
1.2 CRISPR/Cas Tools for Diagnostic Implications 244 7.1.3 Detection Mechanism 246 7.1.3.1 Nucleic Acid Detection 246 7.1.
3.2 Non-nucleic Acid Targets Detection 251 7.2 Pinpoint Accuracy: Utilizing CRISPR/Cas Systems for Pathogen Detection 254 7.2.1 CRISPR System for Viral Infection Diagnosis 254 7.2.2 CRISPR System for Bacterial Infection Diagnosis 257 7.2.
3 CRISPR System for Parasites and Fungi Diagnosis 259 7.2.4 CRISPR System for Non-infectious Disease Diagnosis 261 7.3 The CRISPR-Based Diagnosis: Opportunities and Challenges 264 References 265 8 Precision and Speed: The Rise of High-Throughput Microfluidic Systems in Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases 279 Jinlu Tang, Yuehe lin, and Zhaohui li 8.1 Introduction 279 8.2 The Origins and Developments of Microfluidics 280 8.2.1 Inception Phase 280 8.
2.2 Early Research in Microfluidics 281 8.2.3 μTAS Concept 282 8.2.4 DARPA and the Human Genome Project 282 8.2.5 Pdms 283 8.
2.6 Droplet Microfluidics and Digital Microfluidics 284 8.2.7 Paper Microfluidics 286 8.2.8 Open Microfluidics 286 8.2.9 Organ-on-a-Chip 287 8.
2.10 3D-Printed Microfluidics 289 8.2.11 CRISPR-based Microfluidics 291 8.2.12 AI-Assisted Microfluidics 294 8.3 Applications of Microfluidic Technology in the Detection of Public Infectious Diseases 295 8.3.
1 SARS-CoV-2 Detection 295 8.3.1.1 Paper Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 297 8.3.1.2 Droplet/Digital Microfluidic Devices for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 302 8.3.
1.3 Other Integrated Microfluidic Platforms for the Detection of SARS-CoV- 2 307 8.3.2 Microfluidic Systems for Zika Virus and Dengue Virus Detection 311 8.3.2.1 Paper Microfluidic Dev.