"With his decades of learning and expertise, paleontologist Jeffrey Schwartz pushes back against media headlines that [Neanderthals] were "just like us" as he takes a bold stance against the thesis - including by Svante Pääbo - of Paleolithic interbreeding. Beyond the battle between morphology and molecules, Schwartz expertly leads us through the history of taxonomy and evolutionary theory from Darwin to the "Modern Evolutionary Synthesis" to paleogenomics. he shows how received wisdom born of post-war anti-racism has misshaped our understanding of hominid diversity." -- Peter Sahlins, author of Neanderthals Among Us"This is a fascinating and deeply thought-provoking book about Neanderthals and about how scientific narratives are constructed and sustained. Drawing on decades of work in comparative morphology, genetics, and the history of paleoanthropology, Jeffrey Schwartz revisits some explanations that have acquired authority through repetition. At a time when genetic data are increasingly treated as the ultimate arbiter of human origins, he challenges readers to reconsider some of the most widely accepted assumptions in paleoanthropology. Provocative, engaging, and intellectually stimulating, this book encourages a fresh look at one of the most influential narratives about our evolutionary past." -- Lumila Menéndez, University of Vienna and University of Costa Rica"Schwartz shines a laser onto the history of how we study the fossil evidence for human evolution, showing the main figures and events that have shaped our views of our evolutionary past.

With forensic detail, he shows how grouping specimens into major categories, such as Australopithecus and Homo, excludes alternative ways of viewing the evidence. This penetrating analysis should be read by all those involved in classifying fossil hominins and make them question the soundness of their assumptions in reaching their conclusions. In Schwartz's view, the fossil evidence is far more complex (and interesting) than we are prepared to admit. This is a "must read" for researchers studying human evolution." -- Robin Dennell, University of Sheffield"Schwartz is one of those rare scholars who doesn't just lob bombs-he brings receipts. His characteristic wit shines as he dissects the tainted pemmican of current human evolutionary thinking into its component parts-history, genetics, and morphology. With a taxonomist's attention to detail, he painstakingly delineates how engrained assumptions and bias arose and continues to shape our understanding of our place within nature and our relationship with our supposed closest relatives-Neanderthals. Even if you don't give a Neanderthal's double-arched brow about human evolution, you should read this book-if only to discover how much history shapes scientific thinking.

" -- Kate MacCord, Arizona State University"Jeffrey Schwartz-arguably one of the most experienced palaeoanthropologists in the handling of human fossils-presents a provocative challenge to one of the central narratives of human evolution. he argues that Neanderthals were neither our ancestors nor even our closest evolutionary relatives. What? This conclusion runs counter to the prevailing view, repeated in countless books and scientific papers, that Neanderthals were our closest cousins who interbred with modern humans, leaving a lasting legacy in our genomes. Schwartz builds his case through a meticulous examination of the history of palaeoanthropology, tracing how human fossils have been classified from the nineteenth century to the present." -- Michael Petraglia, Griffith University, Australia.