In this book, José Rente Nascimento explores the economic, environmental, social, and cultural dynamics of the Amazon. The book weaves five centuries of transformation, highlighting geographical conditions, Amerindian resource stewardship, the rubber boom, postcolonial policies, and today's development pressures. Spanning infrastructure, mining, ranching, and agricultural expansion, the book analyzes Amazonian challenges within their historical context. Drawing on lessons from both failed policies and successful initiatives, Nascimento addresses urgent contemporary issues, including deforestation, indigenous welfare, land tenure, forest-based development, and the complex balance between environmental protection and sustainable growth. More than a historical account, this book presents a conceptual framework that links past trajectories to present challenges, providing an essential and inspiring resource for students, policymakers, researchers, and all those seeking to learn from Amazonia's history to secure its sustainable future.