ContentsPreface viiList of contributors ix1 Abiotic depletion potentia 1Marco Jabara and Alessandro Manzardo2 Acidification potential 5Hashash Zaid3 Attributional life cycle assessment 9Andrea Paulillo4 Benchmarking 13Mauro Cordella5 Biodiversity loss 15Tobias Hatzfeld and Christoph Scope6 Carbon footprint 19Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin7 Characterisation factors 21Bo P. Weidema 8 Child labor impact subcategory 23Elmo Grazia Chiara9 Children stakeholder category 27Grazia Chiara Elmo 10 Circular economy 31Berfin Bayram, Kathrin Greiff, and Wiebke Hagedorn11 Circularity 35Berfin Bayram, Kathrin Greiff, and Wiebke Hagedorn12 Classification 39Bo P. Weidema 13 Climate change 41Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin14 Closed loop 45Giuseppe Ioppolo15 CML 2001 method 51Pamela Haverkamp 16 Co-product handling 55Bo P. Weidema 17 Completeness check 59Tobias Hatzfeld18 Consequential life cycle assessment 61Carlo Ingrao and Sara Toniolo19 Consistency check 65Tobias Hatzfeld20 Consumer health and safety impact subcategory 69Rose Mankaa21 Consumer stakeholder category 73Joana Fedato Pogoda22 Corporate carbon footprint 77Peter Saling23 Corporate social responsibility 85Rupert J. Baumgartner, Josef-Peter Schöggl, and Martina Zimek24 Corporate sustainability 89Peter Saling25 Corruption impact subcategory 93Monica Serreli 26 Cost in life cycle costing 99Christoph Scope27 Cradle to cradle 103Paulillo Andrea28 Cradle to gate 109Andrea Paulillo29 Cradle to grave 111Andrea Paulillo 30 Critical resources 115Andrea Gian Blengini 31 Critical review 119Inaba Atsushi32 Cultural heritage Impact subcategory 123Monika Cera33 Cumulative energy demand 127Saverio De Franceschi, Wu Junzhang, and Alessandro Manzardo34 Cumulative energy demand 133Nils Pauliks35 Cut-off criteria 139Inaba Atsushi36 Data integration 143Visentin Caroline37 Data quality distance 147Caroline Visentin38 Data quality goals 151Caroline Visentin39 Data quality indicators 155Caroline Visentin40 Data variability 159Caroline Visentin41 Decision-maker and decision-making 163Luoqin Liu, Alessandro Manzardo, and Junzhang Wu42 Decision support 169Brandão Miguel43 Delocalization and migration 173Ravi Rohit44 Downcycling/downgrading 177Lucia Rigamonti45 Downstream 181Giulia Cavenago and Lucia Rigamonti46 Dynamic life cycle sustainability assessment 185Amini Toosi Hashem47 Eco-design 189Mauro Cordella48 Eco-efficiency 193Sarina Achterfeldt49 Ecoinvent 199Gabriella Buttitta and Davide Lo Presti 50 Economic allocation 203 Bo P. Weidema51 Economic input-output analysis 205Joilson A. Cabral, Paulo V.S.

Lima, Amaro O. Pereira Jr, Matheus A. Santos, Holger Schlör, Sally Springer, Johannes Többen, Sandra Venghaus, Stefan Vögele, and Petra Zapp52 Ecosystem 209Sally Springer, Christina Wulf, and Petra Zapp53 Ecosystem quality 211Christina Wulf54 Ecotoxicity (potential) (including terrestrial and marine/aquatic) 215Monu George Varghese55 Education provided in the local community impact subcategory 221Rohit Ravi56 Elementary flow 225Benedetto Rugani57 Employment relationship impact subcategory 229Gijs Krekel58 End-of-life responsibility impact subcategory 233Anna Luthin 59 Endpoint impact category 237Andrea Paulillo60 Energy 241 Clemens Mostert61 Environmental assessment 245Yahong Dong and Md Hossain Uzzal62 Environmental footprint 251Yahong Dong and Md Hossain Uzzal63 Environmental hotspot analysis 257Nicholas M. Holden 64 Environmental impact 261Yahong Dongand Md Uzzal Hossain65 Environmental impact assessment method 269Anna Maria Ferrari, Carlo Ingrao, and Roberto Rosa66 Environmental impact category 275Suzana Ostojic67 Environmental input-output model 281Keitaro Maeno and Masaharu Motoshita68 Environmental Kuznets curve 285Mario Grosso69 Environmental management 289Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain 70 Environmental product declaration 295Pamela Haverkamp71 Environmental responsibility 299Mario Grosso72 Environmental sustainability 303Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain73 Equal opportunities 309Arij Chabrawi74 Eutrophication potential 313Jinhui Zhou 75 Exposure assessment method 317Kamrul Islam and Masaharu Motoshita76 Externalities 321Amini Toosi Hashem77 Fair competition impact subcategory 325Bruna Pereira de Souza78 Fair salary impact subcategory 329Sabrina Neugebauer 79 Feedback mechanism impact subcategory 335Gijs Krekel80 Forced labour 337Arij Chabrawi81 Foreground/background process 341Gabriella Buttitta and Davide Lo Presti 82 Freedom of association and collective bargaining impact subcategory 345Luigia Petti and Maria Tragnone 83 Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential 351Mario Grosso and Stefano Puricelli84 Functional unit 357Benedetto Rugani85 Global warming potential 361Stephan and Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi LinLin86 Goal and scope phase 365Jana Gerta Backes 87 Greenhouse gas emissions 369Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin88 Health issues for children as consumers impact subcategory 373Bruna Pereira de Souza 89 Human toxicity potential 377Supriya Mahlan and Olubukola Tokede90 Hybrid life cycle assessment 383Nicholas M. Holden 91 Impact pathway 387Bo P. Weidema 92 Industrial metabolism 391Nicholas M. Holden 93 Input-output analysis 397Saroj Kumar Chapagain and Edeltraud Guenther94 Input-output 399Patrick Haun95 Integrated assessment model 403Nicholas M. Holden 96 Interpretation 407Jana Gerta Backes 97 Inventory analysis 411Sally K Springer,Christina Wulf, and Petra Zapp98 Life cycle and life cycle perspective 415David Hysi99 Life cycle assessment 419David Hysi 100 Life cycle costing 423AnnaLuthin101 Life cycle crowns 427Blanca Corona102 Life cycle impact assessment 429Roland Meyer103 Life cycle interpretation 433Blanca Corona104 Life Cycle Inventory 439Filomena Ardolino, Umberto Arena, and Francesco Parrillo105 Life cycle sustainability assessment 445Jana Gerta Backes 106 Life cycle thinking 449Blanca Corona107 Local community 451Zaid Hashash108 Local employment impact subcategory 455Manuela D''Eusanio 109 Marine plastic waste 459Isaac Akinwumi and Olubukola Tokede110 Material flow 463Berfin Bayram, Kathrin Greiff, and Wiebke Hagedorn111 Material flow analysis 465Berfin Bayram, Kathrin Greiff, and Wiebke Hagedorn112 Material footprint 469Berfin Bayram, Kathrin Greiff, Wiebke Hagedorn, and Benedikt Verkic113 Midpoints impact categories 473Roland Meyer114 Monetarization 477Christoph Scope115 Monte Carlo simulation 483Antonino Marvuglia116 Multi-criteria decision making 485Arij Chabrawiand Bruna Pereira de Souza 117 Normalization 489Shokri ManouchehrManouchehr118 Nutritional life cycle assessment 495Carlo Ingrao, Thomas Nemecek, Alba Reguant-Closa, and Silvia Zingale 119 Organizational life cycle assessment 503Alexandra Weniger120 Ozone depletion potential 507Lukas Messmann121 Pedigree matrix 515Hashem Amini Toosi122 Photochemical ozone creation potential 519Lars Wietschel 123 Physical allocation 523Miguel Brandão and Bo P.

Weidema124 Planetary boundaries 527Rupert J. Baumgartner, Josef-Peter Schöggl, and Martina Zimek125 Positive impact 533Arij Chabrawi126 Poverty alleviation impact subcategory 537Luigia Petti and Federica Silveri127 Prevention and mitigation of armed conflicts impact subcategory 541Monika Cera128 Product and service 545Kamrul Islam and Masaharu Motoshita129 Product environmental footprint 547Pamela Haverkamp 130 Product system model 551Kamru lIslam and Masaharu Motoshita131 Productivity 553Hashem Amini Toosi132 Product social impact life cycle assessment 557Davis Jose133 Rebound effect 561Antonino Marvuglia134 ReCiPe 563Katharina Roche135 Recycling 567Anna Luthin136 Recycling rate 571Anna Luthin137 Reference flow 575Jana Gerta Backes 138 Reference scale approach 577Cinzia Capitano, Antonio Covais, and Marzia Traverso139 Resource depletion 583Mario Grosso140 Resource efficiency 587Isabella Bianco141 Respect of indigenous rights impact subcategory 591Monika Cera142 Respect of intellectual property rights 595Luigia Petti, Federica Silveri, and Biancamaria Tragnone 143 Respect of intellectual property rights 599 Monu George Varghese144 Safe and healthy living conditions impact category 603Bernadette Sidonie Libom and Alessandro Manzardo145 Scarcity 609Antonino Marvuglia146 Secure living conditions impact subcategory 611Davis Jose147 Sensitivity analysis 613Jana Gerta Backes148 Sexual harassment impact subcategory 615Monika Cera149 Smallholders including farmers impact subcategory 619Jessica Hanafi150 Social benefits/social security impact subcategory 623Katharina Roche and Martina Zimek151 Social footprint and handprint 627Arij Chabrawi152 Social hotspot 631Gabriella Arcese153 Social hotspot analysis 635Davis Jose154 Social hotspot database 639Gabriella Arcese155 Social impact subcategories 643Antonio Covais, Maria Concetta Pedalà, and Marzia Traverso156 Social indicators 649Davis Jose157 social life cycle assessment 653Alexandra Weniger158 Social organizational life cycle assessment 657Manuela D''Eusanio 159 Social performance measurement 663Davis Jose160 Social risk assessment 667Davis Jose161 Social sustainability 671Natalia A. CanoCano, Guido Sonnemann, and Sonia Valdivia162 Social well-being 677Lucia Mancini163 Society stakeholder category 681Giuseppe Cecere and Lucia Rigamonti164 Stakeholder 685Lucia Mancini165 Stakeholder analysis and involvement 689Lucia Mancini166 Stakeholder category 693Lucia Mancini167 Subcategories 697Alessia Biondo, Cinzia Capitano, Antonio Covais, and Marzia Traverso168 Subcategory assessment method 701Luigia Petti169 Substitution 705Miguel Brandão and Bo P. Weidema170 Supplier relationship impact subcategory 709Manuela D''Eusanio 171 Sustainability 713Antonio Covais, Shammas Saleem, and Marzia Traverso172 Sustainability improvement 719Mauro Cordella173 Sustainability indicators 721Rose Nangah Mankaa 174 Sustainable development goals 727 Jana Gerta Backes175 Sustainable resource extraction 733Nils Jäger176 System boundary 737Pamela Haverkamp177 Transformation 741Nils Jäger 178 Transparency impact subcategory 745Jana Gerta Backes 179 Triple bottom line 749O.