LIST OF FIGURES 17 LIST OF TABLES 24 PREFACE 25 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 27 1 INTRODUCTION TO UNDERGROUND SPACE USE 29 1.1 The meaning and connotation of "underground"? 29 1.2 What has changed since the first edition? 30 1.3 Why use underground space? 31 1.4 Can we use underground space more effectively? 39 1.5 Underground space in culture and literature 43 1.6 The future of underground space development 44 1.7 Summary 48 1.
8 Chapter 1 references 49 1.9 Bibliography of general books and information regarding underground space use and design 51 2 DECISION MAKING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACE 54 2.1 Introduction 54 2.2 Choosing to build underground 54 2.3 Common evaluation methodologies 73 2.4 Tricky questions for cost-benefit studies 77 2.5 Some typical construction and use comparisons 78 2.6 Chapter 2 references 82 3 SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE ISSUES 87 3.
1 Sustainability and resilience issues 87 3.2 The role of underground space 90 3.3 Resilience and vulnerability of underground facilities 93 3.4 Life safety 98 3.5 Protection for defence facilities 101 3.6 Challenges and strategies for sustainable underground space development 104 3.7 Chapter 3 references 111 4 UNDERGROUND SPACE CLASSIFICATIONS AND CONFIGURATIONS 114 4.1 Introduction 114 4.
2 Classification by function 115 4.3 Classification by geometry and scale 116 4.4 Other classifications/groupings 120 4.5 Typical configurations of underground openings 120 4.6 CONFIGURATIONS APPLIED TO URBAN DESIGN 131 4.7 Chapter 4 References 135 5 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT USE OF UNDERGROUND SPACE 136 5.1 INTRODUCTION 136 5.2 Underground Space Uses by Type 136 5.
3 Discussion by geographical region 180 5.4 Chapter 5 References 189 6 PLANNING ISSUES FOR UNDERGROUND SPACE 196 6.1 Introduction 196 6.2 Key aspects of undeground space planning 197 6.3 The harmonious urban development of the surface and subsurface 213 6.4 Underground space development suitability and intensity 213 6.5 Legal issues and administrative controls 215 6.6 Other underground planning issues 218 6.
7 Strategic and Master Planning 219 6.8 Chapter 6 references 220 7 URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE PLANNING TOOLS AND CASE EXAMPLES 225 7.1 Evolution of Planning Efforts 225 7.2 Tools for integrated planning and development 229 7.3 Tools for three-dimensional spatial zoning of the underground 231 7.4 Tools for optimizing the multiple resource aspects of underground space 233 7.5 Criteria for delineating favorable and unfavorable underground zones 234 7.6 Vertical Control of Underground Space Development 237 7.
7 Socio-economic factors in the development of underground space 238 7.8 Assessing the potential "value" of Underground Space Resources 241 7.9 Long-term Forecasting of Underground Space Development Demand 246 7.10 Summary of current analysis approaches 248 7.11 Chapter 7 references 248 8 PROJECT-RELATED PLANNING 252 8.1 Concept plan and requirements 252 8.2 Geo-planning 258 8.3 Implementation planning 260 8.
4 Space planning and engineering considerations 266 8.5 Drainage and waterproofing 271 8.6 Considerations for maintenance and repair 278 8.7 Chapter 8 references 280 9 DESIGNING UNDERGROUND SPACES - TOWARDS A NEW PARADIGM 283 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Moving from underground "works" to underground urban planning 284 9.3 A change of paradigms 286 9.4 Evolving Thoughts on Underground Building Design 302 9.
5 Chapter 9 References 307 10 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN UNDERGROUND SPACE 308 10.1 Introduction 308 10.2 First edition review (to 1993) 308 10.3 Research and experience in the past thirty years 318 10.4 Summary of issues 337 10.5 Chapter 10 references 341 11 EXTERIOR AND ENTRANCE DESIGN 347 11.1 Introduction 347 11.2 Exterior design issues and problems 347 11.
3 Entrance design issues and problems 349 11.4 Summary of design objectives for exterior and entrance design 351 11.5 Design patterns: exterior and entrance design 352 11.6 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 365 11.7 Chapter 11 References 370 12 LAYOUT AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATION 371 12.1 Introduction 371 12.2 Design issues and problems 371 12.3 Design objectives for layout and spatial configuration 375 12.
4 Design patterns: layout and spatial configuration 375 12.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 398 12.6 Chapter 12 References 402 13 INTERIOR DESIGN ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS 404 13.1 Introduction 404 13.2 Design issues and problems 404 13.3 Design objectives for interior elements and systems 407 13.4 Design Patterns Related to Interior Elements and Systems 408 13.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 430 13.
6 Chapter 13 References 433 14 LIGHTING 436 14.1 Introduction 436 14.2 Design issues and problems 436 14.3 Design objectives related to lighting 441 14.4 Design patterns related to lighting 441 14.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 455 14.6 Chapter 14 References 457 15 LIFE SAFETY 459 15.1 Introduction 459 15.
2 Design issues and problems 459 15.3 Design objectives for life safety 463 15.4 Design patterns related to life safety 464 15.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 480 15.6 Chapter 15 References 484 15.7 Short bibliography for recent standards and reports on underground fire and life safety 485 16 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 487 16.1 Introduction 487 16.2 Development of tunneling technology in rock 488 16.
3 Development of tunneling technology in soft ground 490 16.4 Development of basement, open-cut excavation and shaft-sinking Technologies 492 16.5 Development of utility installation, rehabilitation and management technologies 493 16.6 Development of mining and oil/gas recovery technologies 496 16.7 Summary 498 16.8 Chapter 16 References 499 17 MANAGING UNDERGROUND SPACE FACILITIES 501 17.1 Introduction 501 17.2 Evolution of asset management approaches 501 17.
3 Asset management for underground facilities - General considerations 503 17.4 Asset management issues for specific underground facility types 506 17.5 Improving underground asset management 509 17.6 Summary 514 17.7 References 515 APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 517 APPENDIX B: EFFECT OF LAND COST ON CHOICE FOR UNDERGROUND SPACE USE 522 APPENDIX C: DATABASE FORMATS FOR CATALOGING UNDERGROUND SPACE USES 531 APPENDIX D: WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES OF UNDERGROUND SPACE USES 537.