This book provides a comprehensive overview of the principles underlying mechanical and electromagnetic fields and waves, followed by an introduction to the fundamental theories of analog and digital image acquisition and processing. It explores advanced techniques for measuring velocity, deformation, stress, temperature, pressure, and object shapes using image analysis and beam scanning methods. Topics include optical scanners for shape measurement, optical flow, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Digital Image Correlation (DIC), infrared thermography, Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA), Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV), Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA), ultrasonic scanning (SONAR and echography), radio wave scanning (RADAR), and Industrial Computed Tomography (ICT), along with key wave- and image-based methods for pressure field measurements. Drawing on nearly thirty years of the authors' experience, gained through numerous research projects and collaborations with leading industries, the book presents numerous applications in non-destructive diagnostics, quality control, reverse engineering, and experimental mechanics in mechanical, civil engineering and in many other fields. It is intended to serve as both an introduction and a comprehensive reference for professors, researchers, and professionals looking to understand, evaluate, teach and effectively apply wave- and image-based measurement techniques.