Preface xi 1 Introduction - Why Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells? 1 1.1 Need to Develop Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 1 1.2 Fabrication Strategy for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 3 References 5 2 Hybrid Perovskites and Solar Cells 7 2.1 Perovskite Materials 7 2.1.1 Three-Dimensional Perovskites 7 2.1.1.
1 Lead-Based Perovskites 7 2.1.1.2 Lead-Tin-Mixed Perovskites 8 2.1.1.3 Tin-Based Perovskites 9 2.1.
1.4 All Inorganic Perovskites 10 2.1.2 Low-Dimensional Perovskites 10 2.1.2.1 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) 2D Perovskites 10 2.1.
2.2 Dion-Jacobson (DJ) 2D Perovskites 11 2.1.2.3 One-/Zero-Dimensional (1D/0D) Perovskites 12 2.1.3 Single-Crystal Perovskites 13 2.1.
4 Dynamics of Perovskite Crystal Growth 14 2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells 16 2.2.1 Working Principles of Perovskite Solar Cell 16 2.2.2 Configurations of Perovskite Solar Cell 17 2.2.2.
1 n-i-p-Based Traditional Structure 18 2.2.2.2 p-i-n-Based Inverted Structure 18 2.2.2.3 Hole/Electron-Transport-Free Simple Structure 19 2.2.
2.4 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells 19 2.2.2.5 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells 20 2.3 Limitations and Improvements of Energy Conversion in Perovskite Solar Cells 21 2.3.1 Limitation Parameters 21 2.
3.1.1 Energy Gap 21 2.3.1.2 Interface Defects 22 2.3.2 Improvement of the Efficiency of Solar Cells 22 References 23 3 Fundamentals and Benefits of Functional Composite Materials 27 3.
1 Introduction to Composite Functional Materials 27 3.1.1 Definition of Composite Material 27 3.1.2 Properties of Composite Materials 27 3.1.3 Advantages of Composites for Perovskite Solar Cells 30 3.2 Development of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 31 3.
2.1 Alloy Structure in A, B, or X Site 31 3.2.2 Composite Perovskites 33 3.2.3 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers 34 3.2.4 Composite-Based Electrodes 35 References 36 4 Stability and Efficiency Loss Issues of Perovskite-Based Devices 41 4.
1 Materials Instability 41 4.1.1 Moisture-Induced Perovskite Degradation 41 4.1.2 Photo-Induced Perovskite Degradation 42 4.1.3 Heat-Induced Perovskite Degradation 44 4.1.
4 The Point Defects Induced Perovskite Degradation 44 4.1.5 Defects at Perovskite Film Surface/Buried Interfaces 46 4.1.6 Strain-Induced Perovskite Lattice Distortion and Phase Instability 48 4.1.7 Ions Migration of Perovskites 50 4.1.
8 Device Efficiency Loss Induced by Materials Instability 51 4.2 Device Heterointerface Instability 52 4.2.1 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/ETL 52 4.2.2 Heterointerface Defects of Perovskite/HTL 54 4.2.3 Interaction with Metal Electrodes 56 4.
2.4 Efficiency Loss Induced by Heterointerfaces Instability 58 4.3 Solutions for Instability Problems 60 4.3.1 Development of Perovskite Composites 60 4.3.2 Design of Device Structures 60 4.3.
3 Robust Design of Device Encapsulation 62 References 63 5 Composites-Based Charge-Transport and Interfacial Materials 71 5.1 Organic-Based Composites 71 5.1.1 ETL Materials 71 5.1.2 HTL Materials 72 5.2 Inorganic-Based Composites with Metal and Metal Oxide 76 5.2.
1 ETL Materials 76 5.2.2 HTL Materials 79 5.3 Carbon-Based Composites 81 5.3.1 ETL Materials 81 5.3.2 HTL Materials 82 5.
3.3 Carbon-Based Composites for Interfacial Layer 84 References 85 6 Composite-Based Pb-Perovskite Materials as Absorbers 93 6.1 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites 93 6.1.1 Organic Ammonium Halides 93 6.1.2 Organic Small Molecules 96 6.1.
3 Polymer-Based Materials 99 6.2 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites 103 6.2.1 Metal Oxides 103 6.2.2 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Metal Oxide-Based Composites 104 6.2.3 Carbon, Graphene, and Its Derivatives 105 6.
2.4 Alkali Halide Additives 110 6.2.5 Others 112 6.3 Low-Dimensional (LD)/Three-Dimensional (3D) Heterostructure Perovskite Composites 114 6.3.1 2D-3D Composites 114 6.3.
2 1D-3D Composites 118 6.3.3 0D-3D Composites 118 6.4 Quantum Dot (QD) Additives-Based Perovskite Composites 119 6.4.1 Perovskite QD-Based Composites 120 6.4.2 Carbon QD-Based Composites 120 6.
5 Reduced Film Strain by Composites-Based Perovskites 121 6.5.1 Reduce Lattice Strain by Compositional Design 122 6.5.2 Control Crystallization by Chemical Interaction 124 6.5.3 Facilitate Strain Release by Heterostructure Interfaces 124 References 127 7 Composites-Based Pb-Free Perovskite Materials as Absorbers 133 7.1 Inorganic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites 133 7.
1.1 SnF 2 Additive 133 7.1.2 SnCl 2 Additive 134 7.1.3 Hydrazine Additive 134 7.1.4 Acidic Additive 135 7.
1.5 Other Additives 136 7.2 Organic Additives-Based Perovskite Composites 137 7.3 Carbon Additives-Based Perovskite Composites 142 References 146 8 Composite-Based Perovskite Materials in Tandem Solar Cells 151 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Configuration of Perovskite-Based Tandems 151 8.2.1 Perovskite/Si Tandems 152 8.
2.2 All Perovskite Tandems 154 8.2.3 Perovskite/Organic Tandems 155 8.2.4 Perovskite/CIGS Tandems 156 8.3 Perovskite Alloy-Based Composites as Absorbers 156 8.3.
1 A-Site Alloy-Based Composites 157 8.3.2 X-Site Alloy-Based Composites 158 8.3.3 B-Site Alloy-Based Composites 160 8.4 Additives-Based Perovskite Composites as Absorbers 161 8.4.1 Additive-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites 162 8.
4.2 Additive-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites 162 8.4.3 2D-3D-Based Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Composites 164 8.4.4 2D-3D-Based Narrow-Bandgap Perovskite Composites 166 8.5 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) 167 8.5.
1 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Si Tandems 167 8.5.2 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in All Perovskite Tandems 170 8.5.3 Composite-Based Interconnection Layers (ICLs) in Perovskite/Organic Tandems 171 8.6 Composite-Based Charge Transport Layers 173 8.6.1 Composite-Based Hole Transport Layers in Tandems 173 8.
6.2 Composite-Based Electron Transport Layers in Tandems 176 8.7 Composite-Based Interfacial Layers in Tandems 178 8.7.1 Composite-Based Buffer Layers 178 8.7.2 Composite-Based Passivation Layer 179 References 180 9 Issues for Commercialization of Perovskite Solar Cells 185 9.1 Introduction to The Current Status of Perovskite Solar Cells 185 9.
2 Solutions to Stability Issues 186 9.2.1 Evaluation Standards 186 9.2.2 Internal Encapsulation 187 9.2.3 External Encapsulation 189 9.3 Upscaling, Commercialization, and Challenges 190 9.
3.1 Scalable Fabrication Methods 190 9.3.2 Module Design and Process 192 9.4 Status of Solar Modules Production 194 9.4.1 Module Efficiency 194 9.4.
2 Market Prospect 196 9.4.3 The Toxicity Issues of Lead in Modules 200 References 200 10 Characterization Methods for Composite-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 205 10.1 Composite-Based Perovskite Films Characterization 205 10.1.1 Growth Dynamics of Composite-Based Perovskites 205 10.1.2 Optical and Electrical Properties of Composite-Based Films 207 10.
1.3 Heterogeneity of Composite-Based Films 211 10.1.4 Chemical Interactions and Simulations 215 10.1.4.1 Chemical Interactions 215 10.1.
4.2 Simulations 217 10.2 Devices Characterization 218 10.2.1 Carrier Mobility and Dynamics 218 10.2.2 Trap Densities 220 10.2.
3 Stability Characterization 222 References 222 11 Perspectives and Future Work of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 225 11.1 Perspectives of Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 225 11.2 Future Work for Composites-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 226 11.2.1 Scale-Up Processing Technology 226 11.2.2 Green Production Technology 228 11.2.
3 Cyclic Utilization of Lead Components for Perovskite Precursors 231 References 231 Index 233.