PREFACE TO THE 10TH EDITION xv In Memoriam George Paul Sutton (1920-2020) / xvii 1 Classification 1 1.1. Jet Propulsion / 2 1.2. Rocket Propulsion / 5 Chemical Rocket Propulsion / 5 Combinations of Air-Breathing Jet Engines and Rocket Motors / 8 Nuclear Rocket Engines / 10 Electric Rocket Propulsion (EP) / 11 Other Rocket Propulsion Concepts / 12 International Rocket Propulsion Effort / 13 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 14 Space Launch Vehicles / 14 Spacecraft / 19 Military and Other Applications / 20 References / 23 2 Definitions and Fundamentals 25 2.1.
Definitions / 25 2.2. Thrust / 29 2.3. Exhaust Velocity / 31 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies / 32 2.5.
Multiple Parallel Propulsion Systems / 35 2.6. Typical Performance Values / 36 2.7. Variable Thrust / 37 Symbols / 38 Greek Letters / 39 Problems / 39 References / 41 3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 42 3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems / 42 3.2.
Summary of Thermodynamic Relations / 44 3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles / 47 Velocity / 48 Nozzle Flow and Throat Condition / 52 Thrust and Thrust Coefficient / 56 Characteristic Velocity and Specific Impulse / 59 Under- and Over-expanded Nozzles / 61 Influence of Chamber Geometry / 65 3.4. Nozzle Configurations / 66 Cone- and Bell-Shaped Nozzles / 66 3.5. Real Nozzles / 73 Boundary Layers / 73 Multiphase Flow / 75 Other Phenomena and Losses / 76 Performance Correction Factors / 76 3.6.
Nozzle Alignment / 81 Symbols / 82 Greek Letters / 83 Subscripts / 83 Problems / 84 References / 86 4 Flight Performance 88 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight / 88 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere / 91 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion / 94 4.4.
Space Flight / 100 Elliptical Orbits / 103 Deep Space / 106 Perturbations / 107 Mission Velocity / 110 4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers / 112 Reaction Control System (RCS) / 115 4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance / 117 4.7. Flight Vehicles / 119 Multistage Vehicles in Series / 120 Stage Separation / 121 Launch Vehicles / 124 4.8.
Military Missiles / 127 4.9. Flight Stability / 130 Symbols / 131 Greek Letters / 132 Subscripts / 133 Problems / 133 References / 134 5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 136 5.1. Background and Fundamentals / 137 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions / 143 5.3.
Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes / 147 5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis / 150 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations / 151 Symbols / 162 Greek Letters / 163 Subscripts / 163 Problems / 163 References / 164 6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 165 6.1. Types of Propellants / 168 6.2.
Propellant Tanks / 171 6.3. Propellant Feed Systems / 176 Local Pressures and Flows / 177 6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems / 178 6.5. Tank Pressurization / 183 Factors Influencing the Required Mass of Pressurizing Gas / 185 Simplified Analysis for the Mass of Pressurizing Gas / 186 6.6.
Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles / 187 Engine Cycles / 188 6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control / 196 6.8. Engine Families / 199 6.9. Valves and Pipelines / 200 6.10.
Engine Support Structure / 204 Symbols / 205 Subscripts / 206 Problems / 206 References / 208 7 Liquid Propellants 210 7.1. Propellant Properties / 214 Economic Factors / 214 Performance of Propellants / 214 Common Physical Hazards / 215 Desirable Physical Properties of Propellants / 217 Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Properties / 218 Property Variations and Specifications / 219 Additives / 219 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers / 219 Liquid Oxygen (O2) (LOX) / 220 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) / 221 Nitric Acid (HNO3) / 221 Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4 or NTO) / 222 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) / 222 Oxidizer Cleaning Process / 223 7.3. Liquid Fuels / 223 Hydrocarbon Fuels / 223 Liquid Hydrogen / 224 Hydrazine (N2H4) / 225 Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2NNH2] / 226 Monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2) / 226 Metallic Hydrogen / 226 7.4.
Liquid Monopropellants / 227 Hydrazine as a Monopropellant / 227 7.5. Gaseous Propellants / 230 7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns / 231 Symbols / 232 Greek Letters / 232 Problems / 232 References / 234 8 Thrust Chambers 237 8.1. Injectors / 237 Injector Flow Characteristics / 246 Factors Influencing Injector Behavior / 248 8.2.
Combustion Chamber and Nozzle / 250 Volume and Shape / 250 Heat Transfer Distribution / 252 Cooling of Thrust Chambers / 253 Hydraulic Losses in the Cooling Passage / 258 Thrust Chamber Wall Loads and Stresses / 259 8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters / 262 8.4. Materials and Fabrication / 265 Additive Manufacturing of Rocket Engine Components / 271 8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis / 272 General Steady-State Heat Transfer Relations / 272 Transient Heat Transfer Analysis / 276 Steady-State Transfer to Liquids in Cooling Channels / 278 Radiation / 281 8.6.
Start-up and Ignition / 282 8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers / 285 8.8. Random Variable Thrust / 286 8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis / 287 Symbols / 296 Greek Letters / 297 Subscripts / 297 Problems / 297 References / 300 9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 303 9.1.
Combustion Process / 303 Injection/Atomization zone / 304 Rapid Combustion Zone / 306 Streamtube Combustion Zone / 306 9.2. Analysis and Simulation / 306 9.3. Combustion Instability / 307 Rating Techniques / 313 Control of Instabilities / 314 Symbols / 317 Problems / 317 References / 318 10 Turbopumps and their Gas Supplies 320 10.1. Introduction / 320 10.2.
Descriptions of Several Turbopump Assemblies / 321 10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration / 325 10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances / 329 10.5. Pumps / 330 Classification and Description / 330 Pump Parameters / 331 Influence of Propellants / 336 10.6.
Turbines / 338 Classification and Description / 338 Turbine Performance and Design Considerations / 340 10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design / 341 10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners / 344 Symbols / 345 Greek Letters / 346 Subscripts / 346 Problems / 346 References / 347 11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 350 11.1. Propellant Budget / 350 11.2.
Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems / 352 11.3. Engine Design / 355 11.4. Engine Controls / 361 Control of Engine Starting and Thrust Buildup / 363 Automatic Controls / 368 Control by Computer / 369 11.5. Engine System Calibration / 371 Engine Health Monitoring System / 375 11.6.
System Integration and Engine Optimization / 377 Symbols / 378 Greek Letters / 378 Subscripts / 378 Problems / 378 References / 379 12 Solid-propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 381 12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate / 388 Mass Flow Relations / 390 Burning Rate Relation with Pressure / 391 Burning Rate Relation with Ambient Temperature (Tb) / 394 Variable Burning Rate Exponent n / 397 Burning Enhancement by Erosion / 398 Other Burning Rate Enhancements / 400 12.2. Other Performance Issues / 401 12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration / 405 Slivers / 412 12.4.
Propellant Grain Stress and Strain / 413 Material Characterization / 414 Structural Design / 416 12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors / 422 Symbols / 423 Greek Letters / 425 Subscripts / 425 Problems / 425 References / 427 13 Solid Rocket Propellants 431 13.1. Classification / 431 13.2. Propellant Characteristics / 436 13.3.
Hazards / 442 Inadvertent Ignition / 442 Aging and Useful Life / 443 Case Overpressure and Failure / 443 Detonation Versus Deflagration / 444 Hazard Classification / 444 Insensitive Munitions / 445 Upper Pressure Limit / 447 Toxicity / 447 Safety Rules / 447 13.4. Propellant Ingredients / 447 Inorganic Oxidizers / 452 Fuels / 453 Binders / 453 Burning-Rate Modifiers / 454 Plasticizers / 454 Curing Agents or Crosslinkers / 454 Energetic Binders and Plasticizers / 455 Organic Oxidizers or Explosives / 455 Additives / 456 Particle-Size Parameters / 456 13.5. Other Propellant Categories / 458 Gas Generator Propellants / 458 Smokeless or Low-Smoke Propellant / 459 Igniter Prope.