Preface xiii 1 Waste-to-value Opportunity and Challenges 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Waste-to-energy 2 1.1.2 Environmental Benefits 3 1.1.3 Energy Generation Potential 3 1.
1.4 Economic Potential 4 1.2 Classification of Waste 6 1.2.1 Hazardous Waste 6 1.2.2 Non-hazardous Waste 8 1.3 Current Status in Waste Management 9 1.
3.1 Waste Collection 9 1.3.2 Waste Consolidation and Transportation 12 1.3.3 Waste Disposal Practices 13 1.3.4 Lack of Awareness 16 1.
4 Problems Encountered in Waste Handling 16 1.5 Economic Competitiveness 18 1.6 Sustainable Challenges 19 1.6.1 Feedstock Availability 20 1.6.2 Operational Challenges 23 1.7 Carbon Sequestration for Green and Sustainable Environment 24 1.
8 IoT Services 26 1.9 Smart City Infrastructure 28 1.10 Conclusion and Discussion 29 References 29 2 A Perspective on the Emergence and Need for Alternate Fuels 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Challenges Associated with Conventional Fuels 36 2.3 Alternative Fuels 38 2.4 Types of AFs 39 2.4.
1 Ammonia 39 2.4.2 Hydrogen 41 2.4.3 Alcohol-derived Fuels 43 2.4.3.1 Methanol 43 2.
4.3.2 Ethanol 45 2.4.3.3 Dimethyl Ether 46 2.4.4 Biodiesel 47 2.
5 Applications of AFs 49 2.5.1 Dual-fuel Mode 49 2.5.2 Blend Form 50 2.6 Environmental Impact and Economic Feasibility 51 2.7 Future Aspects of AFs 52 2.8 Conclusion 52 References 53 3 The Role of Waste in the Circular Economy, Policies, and Legislation 57 3.
1 Introduction 57 3.2 Crucial Reasons for Implementing a Circular Economy 59 3.2.1 Restore Environment 60 3.2.2 Recycling Industry 60 3.2.3 Social Responsibility 60 3.
2.4 Reduces Waste 60 3.2.5 Renewable Energy 60 3.3 Principles of the Circular Economy 61 3.3.1 Designing for Efficiency 61 3.3.
2 Resource Regeneration 61 3.3.3 Closing the Loop 62 3.3.4 Promoting Renewable Energy 62 3.3.5 Systems Thinking 62 3.4 Role of Agro-waste in the Circular Economy - Examples 62 3.
4.1 Biochar Production 63 3.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 65 3.4.3 Circular Agriculture Models 65 3.5 Circular Economy Challenges 66 3.5.
1 Logistical Challenges 67 3.5.2 Technological Innovation 67 3.5.3 Policy and Economic Incentives 67 3.6 Agro-waste 67 3.6.1 Classification of Agro-waste 67 3.
6.2 Sources and Generation Patterns 68 3.7 Agro-waste Management: Current Practices 69 3.7.1 Current Practices in Agro-waste Management 69 3.7.2 Traditional Disposal Methods 70 3.7.
3 Environmental Impacts of Agro-waste 70 3.7.4 Circular Economy Framework 71 3.7.5 Overview of Existing National and International Policies 71 3.7.5.1 The European Union Waste Framework Directive and Agro-waste in the Circular Economy 71 3.
7.5.2 US Environmental Protection Agency Regulations and Agro-waste 73 3.7.5.3 India''s National Policy on Biofuels and Agro-waste 75 3.8 Challenges in Implementing the Circular Economy for Agro-waste 76 3.8.
1 Economic Challenges 77 3.8.2 Technological Limitations 79 3.9 Conclusion 81 References 83 4 Agro-waste Management 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Assessment of RDF and SRF 88 4.3 MSW and RDF/SRF Legislation 89 4.4 Type of Solid Waste 89 4.
5 Pelletization and Incineration 91 4.6 Case Study: Energy Recovery Potential 92 4.7 Liquid-waste Management 93 4.8 Physicochemical Treatment 94 4.9 Physical or Mechanical Treatment 96 4.10 Biological Treatment 96 4.11 E-waste 97 4.12 Environmental and Health Impacts of Waste Mismanagement 98 4.
13 Disposal Methods of Waste Management 98 4.14 Environmental Impacts and Considerations 99 4.15 Sustainable Waste Management 99 4.16 Biological Conversion Techniques 100 4.16.1 Composting: Processes, Chemical Engineering Aspects, and Applications 100 4.16.2 AD: Processes, Chemical Engineering Aspects, and Applications 101 4.
16.3 Emerging Biological Conversion Technologies 102 4.17 Thermochemical Conversion Techniques 103 4.17.1 Pyrolysis: Unlocking the Potential of Bio-oil, Biochar, and Syngas 103 4.17.2 Alkaline Hydrolysis: Extracting Lignin and Enhancing Cellulose Digestibility 107 4.17.
3 Transesterification: Transforming Agro-waste-derived Oils and Fats into Biodiesel 108 4.18 Techno-economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment: Evaluating Sustainability 111 4.18.1 TEA: The Bottom Line 111 4.18.2 LCA: Environmental Footprint 112 4.19 Emerging Technologies and Future Trends: Shaping the Future of Agro-waste Management 112 4.20 Conclusion 113 References 114 5 Waste Biorefinery 121 5.
1 Introduction 121 5.2 Waste Feedstock for Biorefinery 123 5.3 Kinetic Analysis of Biomass 124 5.4 Conversion Processes 126 5.4.1 Thermochemical Conversions 127 5.4.2 Combined Gasification-fermentation Processes 130 5.
4.3 Food Waste Biorefinery 132 5.4.4 Municipal Waste Biorefinery 135 5.4.5 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery 137 5.5 Water-based Biorefinery 139 5.6 The Economic Aspects of Waste-to-energy Biorefineries 141 5.
7 Conclusion 143 References 144 6 Algal Biorefinery 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.1.1 Algae as a Versatile Feedstock for Biorefining: An Overview 149 6.1.2 The Algal Biorefinery Concept: Integrated Processes 151 6.1.3 Potential of Agro-waste as a Nutrient Source and Environmental Benefits in Algal Biorefining 152 6.
1.4 Chapter Objectives and Scope 153 6.2 Algal Biomass Cultivation 153 6.2.1 Cultivation Systems: Comparing Open Ponds and Photobioreactors 154 6.2.2 Strain Selection and Optimization of Algal Species and Nutrient Management 154 6.2.
3 Harvesting and Dewatering Methods 155 6.3 Algal Biomass Processing 156 6.3.1 Pretreatment Techniques for Biomass Conversion 156 6.3.2 Extraction of Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates 157 6.3.3 Fractionation and Purification Techniques 159 6.
3.4 Product Recovery and Valorization 159 6.4 Biofuel Production from Algal Biomass 160 6.4.1 Production of Biodiesel, Bioethanol, and Biobutanol from Algal Lipids 160 6.4.2 HTL for Bio-oil Generation 161 6.4.
3 Techno-economic and Sustainability Evaluation 163 6.5 Bioproducts and Bio-compounds from Algae 164 6.6 Integrated Algal Biorefinery Approach 166 6.7 Genetic Engineering and Algal Strain Improvement 169 6.8 Environmental Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment in Algal Biorefining 171 6.8.1 Life Cycle Assessment Methodology 171 6.8.
2 Policy and Regulatory Considerations 172 6.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives 173 6.10 Conclusion 174 References 175 7 Waste-to-bio-additive 181 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Types of Waste Utilized for Bio-additive Production 183 7.3 Waste-to-bio-additive Conversion Technologies 185 7.3.1 Biological Processes 185 7.
3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion 185 7.3.1.2 Fermentation 186 7.3.1.
3 Composting 187 7.3.2 Thermochemical Processes 188 7.3.2.1 Pyrolysis 188 7.3.2.
2 Gasification 190 7.3.2.3 Hydrothermal Processing 190 7.3.3 Physiochemical Processes 191 7.3.3.
1 Hydrolysis 191 7.3.3.2 Transesterification 192 7.3.3.3 Acid/Base Catalysis 193 7.4 Applications of Bio-additives 194 7.
5 LCA of Waste-of-building Applications Technologies 195 7.6 Challenges and Limitations 198 7.7 Case Studies and Success Stories 200 7.7.1 Successful Waste-to-bio-additive Projects 200 7.7.2 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 201 7.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 202 References 203 8 Agro-waste to Compost 209 8.
1 Introduction 209 8.2 Defining and Categorizing Agro-waste for Composting 210 8.2.1 Crop Residues 210 8.2.2 Livestock Manure: A Nutrient-rich Bioresource 212 8.2.3 Agro-industrial Byproducts: Residues from Processing 213 8.
2.4 Forestry Residues and the Integrated Waste Basket 213 8.3 The Science of Composting: Biochemical Processes and Microbial Ecology 215 8.3.1 Biochemical Processes in Composting 215 8.3.2 Microbial Ecology of Composting 216 8.3.
3 Phases of Composting and Microbial Succession 217 8.4 Composting Methodologies for Agro-waste: From Traditional to Advanced Techniques 218 8.4.1 Traditional Composting Methodologies for Agro-waste 219 8.4.1.1 Pit Composting 219 8.4.
1.2 The Pit Composting Process: A Simple, Ground-based Approach 219 8.4.1.3 Advantages of Implementing Pit Composting 220 8.4.1.4 Disadvantages and Limitations of Pit Composting Performance 220 8.
4.1.5 Heap Composting 221 8.4.1.6 Windrow Composting 221 8.5 Advanced Composting Methodologies 222 8.5.
1 Vermicomposting 222 8.5.2 In-vessel Composting 222 8.5.3 Thermal Composting (Aerated Static Pile with Forced Aeration) 223 8.6 Factors Influencing Composting Efficiency and Compost Quality 223 8.6.1 Process Design 226 8.
6.1.1 Feedstock Blending 226 8.6.1.2 Particle Size Reduction 227 8.6.2 Aeration Control 227 8.
6.3 Temperature Monitoring 228 8.7 Conclusion 229 References 230 9 Glycerol: From Abundant Byproduct to Valu.