List of Contributors xv About the Editors xix Preface xxi USDA Disclaimer xxiii Acknowledgments xxv 1 Introduction to Herbicide Metabolism, Resistance, and Related Concepts 1 Vijay K. Nandula 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Herbicide Resistance and Tolerance 2 1.3 Layout of Content in the Following Chapters 3 2 Synthetic Auxin Herbicide-Tolerant Crops 7 Dilpreet Riar, Carla Yerkes, Robert Cicchillo, Samantha Griffin, Razvan Dumitru, and Terry Wright 2.1 Introduction to Synthetic Auxin Herbicides 7 2.2 Synthetic Auxin Herbicide Mode of Action 11 2.3 Synthetic Auxin Herbicide and Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Utility 13 2.
4 Auxin-Tolerant Crop Discovery 17 2.5 Adoption, Challenges, and Future Considerations 26 3 Metabolic Degradation of Glyphosate in Soil Microbes, Endophytes, Crops, and Weeds 41 Stephen O. Duke 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Enzymes that Can Degrade Glyphosate 43 3.3 Microbial Degradation of Glyphosate 47 3.4 Glyphosate Degradation in Weeds 55 3.5 Glyphosate Degradation in Crops 60 3.
6 Summary 65 4 Enhanced Metabolic Resistance to Herbicides in Alopecurus myosuroides (Black Grass) 81 Alina Goldberg Cavallieri, Sara Franco Ortega, Stewart Brown, Nawaporn Onkokesung, and Robert Edwards 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 NTSR and Enhanced Metabolic Resistance to Herbicides 84 4.3 Potential for Esterases and Herbicide Bioactivation to be Linked to Ntsr 88 4.4 Cytochrome P450s Linked to NTSR in Black Grass 89 4.5 Roles for Glutathione-S-Transferases in NTSR 92 4.6 Roles for UDP-Glucose-Dependent Glycosyltransferases in NTSR 96 4.7 Potential Roles for ABC Transporters in NTSR 97 4.
8 Conclusions 99 5 Herbicide Detoxification in Black Grass 111 Roland Beffa 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Herbicide Detoxification in Black Grass 116 5.3 Perspectives 119 6 Metabolism-Based Resistance in Lolium rigidum and Raphanus raphanistrum 127 Hugh J. Beckie, Heping Han, and Qin Yu 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Metabolic Resistance in Lolium rigidum 129 6.3 Metabolic Resistance in Raphanus raphanistrum 138 6.
4 Future Research 139 7 Management of Metabolism-Based Resistance in Lolium rigidum in Australia 147 Christopher Preston 7.1 Introduction: Complications of Metabolism-Based Herbicide Resistance 147 7.2 Problem of Herbicide Resistance in L. rigidum in Australia 148 7.3 Herbicide Resistance Testing to Understand Which Herbicides are Still Effective 149 7.4 Herbicide-Based Resistance Management Strategies 150 7.5 Non-herbicide-Based Resistance Management Strategies 153 7.6 Integrated Management of L.
rigidum Populations 155 7.7 Conclusions 159 8 Metabolic Herbicide Resistance in Echinochloa phyllopogon 165 Nina Gracel Dimaano and Satoshi Iwakami 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 A Brief History of Resistance Evolution in California 166 8.3 Elucidation of the Mechanism of Multiple Herbicide Resistance in E. phyllopogon 168 8.4 Prediction of Metabolism-Based Cross-Resistance 177 8.5 Generality and Diversity of Metabolic Resistance 178 8.
6 Conclusion 180 9 Metabolic Resistance to Herbicides in Echinochloa crus-galli (and colona) 185 Alice A. Wright and Vijay K. Nandula 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Propanil Resistance 187 9.3 Quinclorac Resistance 187 9.4 Multiple Herbicide Resistance 188 9.5 Glyphosate Resistance 191 9.
6 Future Work 191 9.7 Management 193 10 Metabolic Resistance to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides in Dioecious Amaranthus Species 197 Dean E. Riechers, Jeanaflor Crystal T. Concepcion, and Shiv S. Kaundun 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Resistance to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides in Waterhemp 201 10.3 Resistance to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides in Palmer Amaranth 206 10.
4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 210 11 Overview of Metabolism-Based Resistance to PS-II Inhibitors in Weed Species 217 Mithila Jugulam, Balaji Aravindhan Pandian, and P. V. Vara Prasad 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Crop Use and Weed Spectrum 218 11.3 Crop Tolerance to PS-II Inhibitors 218 11.4 Overview of PS-II Inhibitor Resistance in Weed Species 219 11.5 Metabolic Resistance to PS-II Inhibitors in Weed Species 220 11.
6 Target-Site Resistance 223 11.7 Interaction of PS-II Inhibitors with Other Herbicides for the Management of Metabolic Resistance 224 11.8 Conclusions 225 12 Fitness and Ecophysiological Cost of Metabolic Herbicide Resistance 233 Eshagh Keshtkar, Roland Beffa, and Per Kudsk 12.1 Introduction 233 12.2 Definition and Types of Plant Fitness Associated with Herbicide Resistance 234 12.3 Explanation of Herbicide Resistance Fitness Costs or Benefits 236 12.4 Methods of Measuring Fitness 242 12.5 Fitness of Metabolic Herbicide-Resistant Weeds 243 12.
6 Is NTSR Reversible? 252 12.7 Concluding Remarks 253 13 Advancing Metabolic Resistance Characterization: Paving the Way for Future Technologies in Weed Management 265 Carlos Alberto Gonsiorkiewicz Rigon, Roland Beffa, and Todd Gaines 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 Milestones in Metabolic Resistance in Weeds 267 13.3 Genes Involved in Metabolic Herbicide Resistance 272 13.4 International Weed Genomics Consortium 275 13.5 Functional Genomics 276 13.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 277 References 278 Index 285.