About the Author xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 What Is Advanced Air Mobility? 1 1.1 Definition and Scope of AAM 3 1.2 Drivers of AAM Development 6 1.3 Key Stakeholders in AAM 9 1.4 Summary 11 2 AAM Vehicles 13 2.1 Types of AAM Vehicles 14 2.1.1 The VTOL Aircraft 14 2.
1.2 The eCTOL/eSTOL Aircraft 19 2.2 The eVTOL Design Considerations 21 2.2.1 Design Drivers 21 2.2.2 Enabling Technologies 22 2.2.
3 Fundamentals of eVTOL Design 22 2.3 Propulsion Technologies 36 2.3.1 Power, Torque, and RPM 36 2.3.2 Distributed Electric Propulsion 38 2.3.3 Hybrid Propulsion Systems 41 2.
4 Energy Storage and Management Systems 45 2.4.1 Battery Basics 46 2.4.2 eVTOL Battery Modules and Packs 50 2.4.3 Battery Safety 53 2.4.
4 Battery Management Systems 55 2.4.5 Battery State Indication and Display 55 2.4.6 Fuel Cells 57 2.5 Summary 59 3 Airspace Management and Integration 61 3.1 How Air Traffic Is Managed Today 61 3.1.
1 The Structure of Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace 62 3.1.2 Separation Minima, Surveillance, and Communication 63 3.1.3 Performance-based Navigation and Trajectory Conformance 63 3.1.4 Limitations of Legacy ATC for Low-altitude High-density Operations 65 3.2 Integrating AAM into the Skies: Automation, Predictability, and Flow Management 65 3.
2.1 AAM Operational Density and the Need for Predictable Behavior 65 3.2.2 Automation as a Prerequisite for Airspace Integration 66 3.2.3 Remote Supervision and the Ground-based Human Role 68 3.2.4 Strategic Flow Management for AAM Operations 73 3.
3 Urban Airspace: Challenges and Engineering-based Solutions 75 3.3.1 The Physical and Operational Characteristics of Urban Low-altitude Airspace 75 3.3.2 Structured Routing and Corridors 77 3.3.3 Vertiport-linked Airspace Geometry 81 3.4 Communication, Navigation, Surveillance, and Separation Assurance 84 3.
4.1 Communication and Information Exchange 85 3.4.2 Navigation Performance and Trajectory Conformance 85 3.4.3 Surveillance and Cooperative Sensing 86 3.4.4 Distributed Separation Assurance 87 3.
5 Summary 88 4 Infrastructure Considerations 91 4.1 Vertiports 92 4.1.1 Core Functions of a Vertiport 93 4.1.2 Functional and Spatial Architecture of a Vertiport 95 4.2 Urban Integration and Land-use Planning 101 4.2.
1 Compatibility 102 4.2.2 Siting 103 4.2.3 Community and Environmental Considerations 105 4.2.4 Zoning and Regulation 105 4.2.
5 Connectivity and Accessibility 107 4.2.6 Planning Process 108 4.3 Charging and Refueling Infrastructure 109 4.3.1 Electrical Charging Fundamentals 110 4.3.2 Vertiport Electrical Architecture 113 4.
3.3 Charger Design and Interoperability 115 4.3.4 Fast Charging, Managed Charging, and Energy Scheduling 116 4.3.5 Battery Swapping and Alternative Energy-delivery Architectures 117 4.3.6 Site-level Integration and Grid Interaction 118 4.
3.7 International Considerations 119 4.4 Multimodal Transport Hubs: Connecting Ground and Air 120 4.4.1 Physical and Spatial Integration 121 4.4.2 Operational Coordination 124Contents ix 4.4.
3 Urban and Regional Integration 125 4.5 Summary 128 5 Regulatory and Policy Considerations 129 5.1 The US Regulatory Framework for AAM 130 5.1.1 Federal AAM Legislation 130 5.1.2 Federal AAM Regulations 132 5.1.
3 FAA Regulations: Certification of AAM Vehicles 132 5.1.4 FAA Regulations: Training and Certification of Pilots 140 5.1.5 FAA Regulations: Certification of Operators 140 5.1.6 FAA Regulations: Maintenance 142 5.1.
7 FAA Regulations: AAM Infrastructure 143 5.1.8 The Role of State, Local, and Tribal Governments 144 5.1.9 Accident and Incident Investigation 145 5.2 The International Regulatory Framework 146 5.2.1 China: The First Country to Type Certificate a Civil eVTOL 147 5.
3 Ethical Considerations 148 5.4 Summary 148 6 Operational Considerations 151 6.1 Urban Passenger Mobility Concept of Operations 152 6.2 Regional Cargo Concept of Operations 155 6.3 Medical Response Concept of Operations 157 6.4 Security and Cybersecurity Considerations 159 6.4.1 Passenger and Facility Security 159 6.
4.2 Cybersecurity 161 6.5 Community and Public Acceptance 163 6.6 Summary 164 7 The Environmental Operating Context of AAM 167 7.1 AAM and the Weather Environment 167 7.1.1 The ABL: A New Environment for Sustained Aviation Operations 168 7.1.
2 The UBL and the Built Environment 173 7.1.3 Spatiotemporal Weather Observations 177 7.1.4 NWP for AAM 180 7.2 Sustainability 183 7.2.1 Operational Sustainability in AAM 183 7.
2.2 AAM and System-level Sustainability 187 7.3 Aeroacoustic Considerations for AAM 188 7.3.1 Origin of Sound 189 7.3.2 Atmospheric Attenuation 191 7.3.
3 The Qualitative Nature of Sound and Noise 192 7.3.4 Measuring Noise 193x Contents 7.3.5 Noise Contour Maps 197 7.3.6 Sources of Noise 198 7.3.
7 Designing to Reduce Noise 204 7.4 Summary 207 References 208 8 Business Logic of Advanced Air Mobility 209 8.1 Freight and Logistics Applications 211 8.1.1 Surface-based Freight as the Primary Economic Baseline 212 8.1.2 Conventional Aerial Freight Economics 213 8.1.
3 Network Structure and Routing Economics 214 8.1.4 Hybrid Logistics Networks and Selective Aerial Integration 215 8.1.5 AAM as a Timing and Reliability Enabler 215 8.2 Passenger Transport: Regional and Urban Applications 217 8.2.1 Regional Air Mobility 218 8.
2.2 Urban Air Mobility 220 8.3 AAM for Public Good 221 8.4 Emerging and Hybrid Business Models 223 8.5 Summary 224 9 The Future of Advanced Air Mobility 227 9.1 Conditional Futures and System-level Constraints 227 9.1.1 Scaling Without Centralization 230 9.
1.2 Trust, Transparency, and Human Oversight 231 9.1.3 Energy, Infrastructure, and System Coupling 232 9.1.4 Urban Integration and the Disappearance of the Airport 233 9.1.5 Governing a System That Must Keep Changing 234 9.
2 Summary 236 Index 237.