About the Authors xiii Preface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Motors, Generators, and Electromechanics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Motors and Generators 1 1.3 Analytical Modeling for Further Innovations in the Next Generation of Electric Machines 3 1.4 Analytical Modeling for Design Optimizations 3 1.5 Analytical Modeling for Integrated-Design of Electric Machines, Drives, and Other Components 5 1.6 Analytical Modeling for Physics-Informed Artificial Intelligence 5 1.7 Developed in This Book 6 2 Circuits and Field Analyses 9 2.
1 Introduction 9 2.2 Electric Circuits 9 2.2.1 Kirchhoff''s Current Law (KCL) 9 2.2.2 Kirchhoff''s Voltage Law (KVL) 10 2.2.3 Constitutive Relationship: Ohm''s Law 10 2.
3 Magnetic Circuit Analogs 11 2.3.1 Analogy to KCL: Flux Conservation 12 2.3.2 Analogy to KVL: Magnetomotive Force (MMF) 12 2.3.3 Analog to Ohm''s Law: Reluctance 13 2.3.
3.1 Simple Case 13 2.3.3.2 Flux Confinement 13 2.3.3.3 Magnetic Gap 14 2.
3.3.4 Example: C-Core 15 2.3.3.5 Example: Core with Different Gaps 15 2.4 Permanent Magnets 16 2.4.
1 Permanent Magnetization 16 2.4.2 Magnetic Circuits 16 2.4.3 Amperian Current 18 2.4.4 Chu Magnetic Charge 19 2.5 Scalar Potential for Field Analysis 20 2.
5.1 Scalar Potential in Rectangular Coordinates 20 2.5.1.1 An Example in Rectangular Coordinates 20 2.5.2 Scalar Potential in Circular Cylindrical Coordinates 21 2.5.
2.1 Example in Cylindrical Coordinates 22 2.6 Example: Halbach Magnet Array 23 2.7 Problems 26 Reference 31 3 Electromagnetic Forces and Energy Flows 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Energy Conversion Process 33 3.3 Energy Approach to Electromagnetic Forces 34 3.3.
1 Multiply Excited Systems 35 3.3.2 Co-energy 36 3.3.3 Example: Simple Solenoid 36 3.3.4 Synchronous Machine 38 3.3.
5 Current-Driven Synchronous Machine 39 3.3.6 Generalization to Continuous Media 39 3.3.7 Permanent Magnets 40 3.4 Field Description of Energy Flow: Poynting''s Theorem 40 3.4.1 Rotary Machine: The Faraday Disk and Fields in Motion 42 3.
5 Field Description of Forces: Maxwell Stress Tensor 44 3.5.1 Example: Linear Induction Machine 45 3.6 Surface Impedance and Eddy Currents 48 3.6.1 Uniform Conductors 50 3.6.2 Example: The Linear Machine and Limiting Cases 52 3.
7 Magnetic Materials 53 3.7.1 Magnetization 54 3.7.2 Saturation and Hysteresis 54 3.7.3 Conduction, Eddy Currents, and Laminations 55 3.7.
4 Complete Penetration in a Thin Lamination 56 3.7.5 Solid Ferromagnetic Material 57 3.8 Semi-Empirical Method of Handling Iron Loss 59 3.9 Problems 61 References 64 4 Design Synthesis, Optimization, and Modeling 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Design Synthesis 65 4.2.
1 Specifications: Requirements and Attributes 65 4.2.2 Monte Carlo-Based Synthesis 67 4.3 The Pareto Surface and Dominance 68 4.4 Design Example: A Single-Phase Transformer 69 4.4.1 Description 69 4.4.
2 Rating 71 4.4.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 72 4.4.4 Cost of Losses 74 4.5 Problems 74 Appendix 4.A Simple Design Example with Code 76 5 Synchronous and Brushless DC Machines 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.
2 Current Sheet Description 85 5.2.1 Continuous Approximation to Winding Patterns 87 5.3 Classical Synchronous Machine Model 88 5.3.1 Balanced Operation 89 5.4 Operation of Motors and Generators 91 5.5 Reconciliation of Torque Angles 92 5.
6 Per-Unit Systems 93 5.6.1 Normal Operation 94 5.6.2 Capability 94 5.6.3 Vee Curve 95 5.7 Salient Pole Machines: Two-Reaction Theory 95 5.
8 Relating Rating to Size 98 5.8.1 Voltage 98 5.8.2 Current 99 5.8.3 Rating 99 5.8.
4 Role of Reactance 99 5.8.5 Field Winding 100 5.9 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines 100 5.9.1 Surface Magnet Machines 101 5.9.2 Interior Magnet Machines 102 5.
9.3 Rating 103 5.9.4 Negatively Salient Machines: Operation 104 5.10 Problems 107 6 Winding Analysis 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Physical Description: Windings in Slots 111 6.3 Magnetomotive Force and Flux 113 6.
4 Inductance 116 6.4.1 Winding Factors 116 6.4.2 Concentric Coils 118 6.4.3 Examples of Concentric Coils 119 6.4.
4 Concentrated, Partial Pitch Windings 120 6.4.5 Higher-Phase Order 120 6.4.6 Sequences 122 6.5 Stator Slot Leakage 123 6.6 Problems 124 7 Synchronous Machine Dynamic Models 129 7.1 Introduction 129 7.
2 Phase Variable Model 129 7.3 Two-Reaction Theory 130 7.3.1 Speed Voltage 132 7.4 Power and Torque 133 7.5 Per-Unit Normalization 133 7.6 Mechanical Dynamics 135 7.7 Equal Mutual''s Base 135 7.
8 Transient and Subtransient Approximations 136 7.9 Statement of Simulation Model 138 7.9.1 Statement of Parameters 139 7.9.2 Example: Balanced Fault Simulation 139 7.9.3 Linearized Model 139 7.
9.4 Reduced Order Model for Electromechanical Transients 140 7.9.5 Current Driven Model: Connection to a System 140 7.9.6 Restatement of the Model 143 7.9.7 Network Constraints 144 7.
9.8 Example: Line-Line Fault 145 7.10 Permanent Magnet Machines 145 7.10.1 Model: Voltage-Driven Machine 146 7.10.2 Current-Driven Machine 146 7.10.
3 PM Machines with No Damper 147 7.10.4 Current-Driven PM Machines with No Damper 147 7.11 Problems 147 8 Commutator Machines 151 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Basic Geometry 151 8.3 Torque 152 8.4 Voltage Induction 152 8.
5 Voltage Driven Operation 153 8.6 Connections and Capability: Separately Excited 154 8.7 Series Connection 156 8.8 Universal Motors 157 8.9 Commutator 157 8.9.1 Commutation Process 157 8.9.
2 Compensation 160 8.10 Compound Machines 160 8.11 Problems 162 9 Induction Machines 165 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Transformer Model 165 9.3 Operation: Energy Balance 170 9.3.1 Example 171 9.
4 Squirrel Cage Machine Model 171 9.4.1 Squirrel Cage Currents 172 9.4.2 Squirrel Cage Impedance Elements 175 9.4.3 Belt Leakage 176 9.4.
4 Zigzag Leakage 177 9.4.5 Operation: Harmonics Interactions 177 9.4.6 Rotor Skew 177 9.4.7 Stator Leakage Inductances 178 9.4.
8 Stator Winding Resistance 179 9.4.9 Rotor End Ring Effects 179 9.4.10 Deep Rotor Slots 180 9.4.11 Arbitrary Slot Shape Model 180 9.4.
12 Magnetic Circuit Loss and Excitation 182 9.4.13 Effective Air-Gap: Carter''s Coefficient 183 9.5 Single-Phase Induction Motors 183 9.5.1 Squirrel Cage Model 185 9.5.2 Winding Factor 185 9.
5.3 Operation 186 9.5.4 Operation as Affected by Space Harmonics 187 9.6 Problems 188 References 192 10 Switched Reluctance Motors 193 10.1 Fundamentals and Operating Principles 193 10.2 Drive Circuitry 196 10.3 Magnetic Equivalent Circuits Using Flux Tubes 198 10.
4 Multi-Tooth SRMs 204 10.5 Connected and Modular C-Core SRMs 204 10.6 SRMs with Embedded Permanent Magnets 208 10.7 Self-Starting Torque in Two-Phase SRMs 211 10.8 Current Hysteresis Control of SRMs 212 10.9 Problems 215 References 218 11 Power Electronics Drives 219 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 dc Converters 220 11.
2.1 Buck Converter (Step-Down) 220 11.2.2 Boost Converter (Step-Up) 222 11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converters 223 11.2.4 Applications of DC Converters in Motor Drives 224 11.
3 Voltage Source Inverter 224 11.3.1 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter 225 11.3.2 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 227 11.4 Current-Source Inverter 230 11.4.1 Single-Phase Current-Source Inverter 230 11.
4.2 Three-Phase Current-Source Inverter 232 11.5 Pulse Width Modulation 234 11.5.1 Fundamentals of SPWM Technique 235 11.5.2 Bipolar SPWM Inverter 236 11.5.
3 Unipolar SPWM Inverter 237 11.5.4 Three-phase SPWM Inverter 237 11.6 Conduction and Switching Losses 238 11.6.1 Conduction Loss 240 11.6.2 MOSFET Switching Power Loss 240 11.
6.3 Gate Charge Loss 242 11.6.4 Deadtime Power Loss 243 11.7 Problems 244 References 246 12 Basics of Machine Control 247 12.1 Introduction 247 12.2 Adjustable Frequency Drive in Induction Motors 247 12.2.
1 Idealized Model: No Stator Resistance 247 12.2.2 Correction for Stator Resistance 248 12.3 Control and Simulation Models 248 12.3.1 Induction Machine Model 249 12.3.2 Idealized Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 250 12.
4 Position Sensors 252 12.4.1 Position and Speed Feedback 253 12.4.2 Encoder 253 12.4.2.1 Incremental Encoder 253 12.
4.2.2 Absolute Encoder 253 12.4.3 Resolver 254 12.5 Field-Oriented Control 254 12.5.1 Control Strategy for the Induction Motor 255 12.
5.2 Control Strategy for a Synchronous Machine 256 12.5.3 Principle of Common Parts 257 12.5.3.1 Current Controller 257 12.5.
3.2 Speed Controller 258 12.5.3.3 Coordinate Transform 259 12.5.4 Spac.