About the Author xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Impedance 1 Question 1 Input and output resistance of a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) 1 Question 2 Input capacitance of a source follower 5 Question 3 Input capacitance of a differential pair 9 Question 4 Output resistance of a tied-gate current source 11 Question 5 Folded cascode amplifier and input Miller effect reduction 13 Question 6 Impedance of a cross-coupled load 17 2 Amplifiers - Open-loop and Closed-loop 23 Question 7 Stability of an uncompensated two-stage op-amp 24 Question 8 Compensation for a two-stage op-amp, pole splitting 26 Question 9 Nyquist stability criterion and conditional stability 31 Question 10 Device noise contribution in a folded cascode amplifier 37 Question 11 Slew rate limitations of a two-stage op-amp 44 Question 12 Distortion in a common-source amplifier due to device nonlinearity 47 Question 13 Common-emitter amplifier (BJT) with emitter degeneration 50 Question 14 Amplifier input common-mode range and distortion 53 Question 15 Common mode feedback control (CMFB) in fully differential amplifiers 56 Question 16 Frequency response of two op-amp based low-pass filters 61 Question 17 Feedback factors of inverting amplifiers and unity-gain buffers 65 Question 18 Power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of a voltage regulator 70 Question 19 Power optimization of multistage open-loop amplifiers 77 Question 20 Frequency response of a source follower 81 3 Bias and References 85 Question 21 Designing a precision current mirror 85 Question 22 Degeneration in current mirrors 89 Question 23 Impact of resistance in current mirrors 92 Question 24 Bandgap reference basics 97 Question 25 Stability of beta-multiplier references 102 4 Switched-capacitor Circuits and Comparators 107 Question 26 Input impedance and kickback noise of switched-capacitor circuits 108 Question 27 Sizing the switch for better linearity and less charge injection 112 Question 28 Bottom plate sampling and signal-dependent charge injection 118 Question 29 Requirements of the amplifier in a charge-transfer track/hold circuit 120 Question 30 Impact of the amplifier input capacitance in switched-capacitor circuits 126 Question 31 Thermal noise in switched-capacitor circuits 129 Question 32 Switched-capacitor common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuits 134 Question 33 Comparator - regenerative latch 137 Question 34 Comparator - preamplifier 143 Question 35 Comparator - offset cancellation (IOS) 147 Question 36 Switched-inductor circuits - buck converters 151 5 Digital Circuits from an Analog Perspective 161 Question 37 Inverter-based ring oscillators 162 Question 38 Inverter optimization of propagation delay and duty cycle distortion 164 Question 39 Designing buffers for driving long RC lines 168 Question 40 Inverter switching current and power consumption 171 Question 41 Master/slave D flip-flops and setup/hold time 176 Question 42 Clock divider with D flip-flops 179 Question 43 Digital phase-frequency detectors and phase-locked loops (PLLs) 181 Question 44 Metastability in digital systems 189 6 Circuit Layout Techniques 193 Question 45 Transistor layout for parasitic reduction 194 Question 46 Interdigitation for matching 196 Question 47 Layout of decoupling capacitors 199 Question 48 Substrate/well contact and latch-up 201 Question 49 Shielding in layout - grounded or not grounded? Which ground? 205 Question 50 Optimizing the padframe for power and ground 211 Appendix 1 Device Equations 217 Section 1 MOSFET (long-channel) equations 217 Section 2 Bipolar transistor (BJT) equations 220 Section 3 Diode (PN junction) equations 224 Section 4 Resistor, capacitor, and inductor equations 225 Appendix 2 Circuit Theorems 227 Section 1 Kirchhoff''s circuit laws 227 Section 2 Thévenin''s theorem and Norton''s theorem 229 Section 3 The superposition theorem 231 Section 4 Miller''s theorem 232 Appendix 3 Circuit Analysis in the Complex Frequency Domain (s-domain) 235 Section 1 Laplace transform and transfer functions 235 Section 2 First-order systems 239 Section 3 Transfer function of feedback systems 241 Section 4 Second-order systems 242 Section 5 S-domain and frequency domain 246 Appendix 4 Basic Circuit Analysis Examples 251 Section 1 Voltage and current dividers 251 Section 2 RC circuits - transient and frequency response 255 Section 3 Basic amplifiers 260 Section 4 Basic op-amp based closed-loop circuits 268 Section 5 Types of negative feedback in amplifier circuits 273 Section 6 Circuit noise fundamentals 278 Section 7 Basic digital circuits 286 Index 295.