Biography xi Preface xiii 1 General Information About Cellulose Fibres 1 1.1 Classification of Cellulose Fibres and Their Production in the World 1 1.2 Chemical Structure of Cellulose Fibres 3 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Cellulose Fibres 6 References 8 2 Processes of Cellulose Fibres Before Dyeing 11 2.1 Conventional Pretreatment Processes Applied to Cellulose Fibres 11 2.2 Pretreatments Applicable to Improve and Change the Dyeing Properties of Cellulose Fibres 12 References 16 3 Dyeing Mechanism of Cellulose Fibres 19 3.1 Uptake of Dyes (Adsorption and Diffusion) 20 3.2 Fixation of Dyes 23 References 26 4 Factors Affecting Uniform Dyeing in Cellulose Fibres 29 4.

1 Factors Affecting Uniform Dyeing in Exhaust Method 30 4.1.1 Uniform Uptake of Dye on Textile Material from the Beginning 31 4.1.1.1 Affinity Differences in Fibres 32 4.1.1.

2 Rapid Uptake of Dye 33 4.1.2 Post-levelling of Dyeing 42 4.1.2.1 Effect of Dye''s Ability to Bond with Fibre Macromolecules 42 4.1.2.

2 Effect of Dye Solubility in Water 43 4.1.2.3 Effect of Fibre Condition 43 4.2 Factors Affecting Uniform Dyeing in Impregnation Method 44 References 47 5 Dyeing with Direct (Substantive) Dyes 49 5.1 Structure and Classification of Direct Dyes 49 5.2 Fastness Properties of Direct Dyes 51 5.3 End-uses of Direct Dyes 51 5.

4 Dyeing with Direct Dyes 52 5.4.1 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 52 5.4.2 Dyeing by Impregnation Method 57 5.4.2.1 Pad-batch Method 58 5.

4.2.2 Pad-roll Method 58 5.4.2.3 Pad-jig Method 58 5.4.2.

4 Pad-steam Method 58 5.4.2.5 Pad-dry-thermofixing Method 59 5.5 Post-dyeing Aftertreatments with Direct Dyes 59 References 61 6 Dyeing with Vat (Indanthren) Dyes 63 6.1 Structure and Classification of Vat Dyes 64 6.2 Fastness Properties of Vat Dyes 66 6.3 End-uses of Vat Dyes 67 6.

4 Forms of Vat Dyes 68 6.5 Dyeing with Vat Dyes 69 6.5.1 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 69 6.5.1.1 Vatting and Dyeing 69 6.5.

1.2 Oxidation and Aftertreatments 91 6.5.2 Dyeing by Impregnation Method 92 6.5.2.1 Dyeing by Pad-steam Method 93 6.5.

2.2 Dyeing by Pad-batch Method 99 6.5.2.3 Dyeing by Pad-jig Method 100 6.5.2.4 Dyeing by Pad-fabric Beam Method 101 6.

6 Problems Encountered in Dyeing with Vat Dyes and Precautions to Be Taken 102 6.6.1 Dark Selvedge 102 6.6.2 Light Spot 102 6.6.3 Oxidation Marks/Dark Stains 102 6.6.

4 Streaky Dyeing 102 6.6.5 Poor Rubbing Fastness 102 References 103 7 Dyeing with Indigo Dye 105 7.1 Fastness Properties of Indigo Dye 106 7.2 End-uses of Indigo Dye 108 7.3 Forms of Indigo Dye 108 7.4 Dyeing with Indigo Dye 108 7.4.

1 Reduction of Indigo Dye 108 7.4.2 Oxidation of Indigo Dye 112 7.4.3 Post-treatments After Indigo Dyeing 112 7.5 Indigo Dyeing Methods and Machines 113 References 115 8 Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes 117 8.1 Classification of Sulphur Dyes 118 8.1.

1 Conventional Sulphur Dyes 118 8.1.2 Leuco Sulphur Dyes 119 8.1.3 Water-soluble Sulphur Dyes 119 8.1.4 Condensed Sulphur Dyes 120 8.2 Fastness Properties of Sulphur Dyes 121 8.

3 End-uses of Sulphur Dyes 121 8.4 Forms of Sulphur Dyes 122 8.5 Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes 122 8.5.1 Chemicals Used in the Dyeing Process and Their Functions 123 8.5.2 Chemicals Used in Post-processes and Their Functions 128 8.5.

3 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 130 8.5.4 Dyeing by Impregnation Method 131 8.6 Problems Encountered in Dyeing with Sulphur Dyes and Measures to be Taken 132 8.6.1 Bronzing Effect 132 8.6.2 Strength Loss During Storage 133 8.

6.3 Low Washing and Rubbing Fastness Values 133 8.6.4 Low Peroxide Fastness Values 133 8.6.5 Obtaining Low Colour Yield 134 8.6.6 Uneven Dyeing 134 References 134 9 Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 137 9.

1 Structure and Classification of Reactive Dyes 139 9.1.1 Classification According to Reactive Groups 140 9.1.2 Classification According to Chromophore Groups 148 9.1.3 Classification According to Reaction with Fibre 149 9.1.

3.1 Reactive Dyes Undergoing Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction 150 9.1.3.2 Reactive Dyes Undergoing Nucleophilic Addition Reaction 151 9.1.4 Classification According to Control Parameters 152 9.2 Fastness Properties of Reactive Dyes 153 9.

3 Forms of Reactive Dyes 154 9.4 Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 155 9.4.1 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 155 9.4.1.1 Steps of Dyeing and Factors Affecting These Steps 155 9.4.

1.2 Factors Affecting Dyeing Result in Dyeing by Exhaust Method 157 9.4.1.3 Parameters Affecting Uniformity and Reproducibility 183 9.4.1.4 Dissolution of Dyes 189 9.

4.1.5 Dyeing Methods According to Salt and Alkali Addition 189 9.4.2 Dyeing by Impregnation Method with Reactive Dyes 198 9.4.2.1 Dyeing by Semi-continuous Methods 200 9.

4.2.2 Dyeing by Continuous Methods 204 9.5 Washing Processes After Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 209 9.5.1 Steps of the Washing Process 210 9.5.2 Factors Affecting the Washing Process 211 9.

5.2.1 Effect of Dye Substantivity 212 9.5.2.2 Effect of Fixation Degree of Dye 212 9.5.2.

3 Effect of Dye Diffusion Rate 213 9.5.2.4 Effect of Temperature 213 9.5.2.5 Effect of Duration 214 9.5.

2.6 Effect of Washing Number 214 9.5.2.7 Effect of Liquor Ratio 214 9.5.2.8 Effect of pH of Washing Liquor 215 9.

5.2.9 Effect of Hardness Degree of Washing Water 216 9.5.2.10 Effect of Washing Agent Use 216 9.5.2.

11 Effect of Enzyme Use 218 9.5.2.12 Effect of Using Ultrasound Energy 218 9.5.2.13 Effect of Washing Method 219 9.6 Aftertreatments After Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 221 References 225 10 Dyeing with Other Dyes 231 10.

1 Indosol Dyes 231 10.1.1 Fastness Properties of Indosol Dyes 231 10.1.2 End-uses of Indosol Dyes 231 10.1.3 Dyeing with Indosol Dyes 232 10.2 Diazotisation Dyes 233 10.

2.1 Fastness Properties of Diazotisation Dyes 234 10.2.2 End-uses of Diazotisation Dyes 234 10.2.3 Dyeing with Diazotisation Dyes 234 10.3 Developing (Naphthol) Dyes 236 10.3.

1 Fastness Properties of Developing Dyes 237 10.3.2 End-uses of Developing Dyes 237 10.3.3 Dyeing with Developing Dyes 237 10.3.3.1 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 237 10.

3.3.2 Dyeing Impregnation Method 242 10.4 Oxidation Dyes 243 10.4.1 Fastness Properties of Oxidation Dyes 243 10.4.2 End-uses of Oxidation Dyes 243 10.

4.3 Dyeing with Oxidation Dyes 244 10.4.3.1 Dyeing with Aniline Black 244 10.4.3.2 Dyeing with Diphenyl Black 244 10.

5 Vat-leucoester (Indigosol) Dyes 244 10.5.1 Fastness Properties of Vat-leucoester Dyes 245 10.5.2 End-uses of Vat-leucoester Dyes 245 10.5.3 Dyeing with Vat-leucoester Dyes 245 10.5.

3.1 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 246 10.5.3.2 Dyeing by Impregnation Method 247 10.6 Basic (Cationic) Dyes 248 10.6.1 Fastness Properties of Basic Dyes 248 10.

6.2 End-uses of Basic Dyes 248 10.6.3 Dyeing with Basic Dyes 249 10.7 Phthalocyanine Dyes 250 10.7.1 Fastness Properties of Phthalocyanine Dyes 250 10.7.

2 End-uses of Phthalocyanine Dyes 250 10.7.3 Dyeing with Phthalocyanine Dyes 250 10.8 Mordant Dyes 251 10.8.1 Fastness Properties of Mordant Dyes 251 10.8.2 End-uses of Mordant Dyes 251 10.

8.3 Dyeing with Mordant Dyes 251 10.9 Pigments 252 10.9.1 Fastness Properties of Pigments 253 10.9.2 End-uses of Pigments 253 10.9.

3 Dyeing with Pigments 253 10.9.3.1 Dyeing by Impregnation Method 253 10.9.3.2 Dyeing by Exhaust Method 256 10.10 Minerals 257 10.

10.1 Fastness Properties of Minerals 257 10.10.2 End-uses of Minerals 257 10.10.3 Dyeing with Minerals 258 10.11 Natural Dyes 258 References 258 11 Dyeing of Other Cellulosic Fibres 261 11.1 Dyeing of Natural Cellulosic Fibres Other Than Cotton 261 11.

2 Dyeing of Regenerated Cellulose Fibres 264 References 268 12 Correction of Faulty Dyeings 271 12.1 Levelling and Colour Lightening Processes 272 12.1.1 Direct Dyes 272 12.1.2 Vat Dyes 272 12.1.3 Sulphur Dyes 272 12.

1.4 Reactive Dyes 272 12.2 Dye Stripping Processes 273 12.2.1 Direct Dyes 273 12.2.2 Vat Dyes 274 12.2.

3 Sulphur Dyes 274 12.2.4 Reactive Dyes 275 References 276 13 Laboratory Applications Related to Dyeing of Cellulose Fibres 279 13.1 Dyeing with Direct Dyes 279 13.1.1 The Effect of Salt and Soda Ash in Dyeing with Direct Dyes 279 13.1.2 The Effect of Pretreatment Process and Cellulosic Fibre Type on Dyeing with Direct Dyes 279 13.

1.3 The Effect of Salt Amount, Soda ash Amount and Liquor Ratio on Dyeing Result in Dyeing with Direct Dyes 280 13.1.4 Effect of Water Quality on Dyeing Result in Dyeing with Direct Dyes 281 13.1.5 Testing the HT Stability of Direct Dyes 281 13.1.6 Dyeing with Direct Dyes in Standing Bath 282 13.

1.7 Determination of Migration Capabilities of Different Types of Direct Dyes 282 13.1.8 Combination Dyeing with Direct Dyes Suitable and Unsuitable for Combi.