About the Editors xix List of Contributors xxiii Preface xxix 1 Management Challenges of Water Resources in Sikkim Mountain Regions 1 Anil K. Misra, Om P. Kaptan, Priyanka Kumari, Krity Rai, Rakesh K. Ranjan, Nishchal Wanjari, and Subash Dhakal 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Water Resources in Sikkim 6 1.3 Management Challenges 14 1.4 Future Adaptation Strategies and Options 16 References 17 2 Basin-Scale Estimation of Runoff Components Using the SPHY Model: A Case Study of the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalaya 21 Kiran Bishwakarma, Fan Zhang, Jharana Nepal, Guanxing Wang, Yuxuan Xiang, Ramesh R.
Pant, and Narayan P. Khanal 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Materials and Methods 23 2.3 Results 29 2.4 Discussion 36 2.5 Conclusion 38 Acknowledgments 38 References 39 3 Assessment and Prediction of Water Yield in the Chandra Basin, Western Himalaya, India: Using Physical Basis SWAT Model and Machine Learning 43 Sobhana Mummaneni, Vinay K. Gaddam, Gnana S.
S.V. Mendu, Nihitha Vemulapalli, Smitha C. Ch, and Sayyad Fazal Rahman Khadri 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Study Area 47 3.3 Methodology 49 3.4 Conclusion(s) 59 Acknowledgments 60 Ethical Approval and Responsibilities of Authors 60 Consent to Participate 60 Consent to Publish 60 Funding 60 Competing Interests 60 Author(s) Contributions 61 Availability of Data and Materials 61 References 61 4 Assessment of Suspended Sediment Properties and Particle Load for Optimal Operation of Hydropower Plants in the Himalayan Region 65 Naman Arora, Arun Kumar, and Sunil K.
Singal 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Hydropower in India 66 4.3 Challenges of Hydropower Development in the Himalayas 66 4.4 Impact of Sediment on HPP 67 4.5 Alaknanda River Basin 68 4.6 Sutlej River Basin 69 4.7 Suspended Sediment Properties 71 4.
8 Conclusion 76 References 76 5 Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of High-Altitudinal Kareri Lake, Northwest Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India 85 Pawan Kumar, Ambrish K. Mahajan, Deepak Kumar, and Anil Kumar 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Information of the Study Site 87 5.3 Methodology 88 5.4 Results and Discussion 89 5.5 Hydrochemistry of the Lake 89 5.6 Qualitative Characteristics of Lake 92 5.
7 Pearson Correlation Coefficient 92 5.8 Comparison of Different Parameters of Kareri with Other Himalayan Lakes 93 5.9 Conclusion 93 References 96 6 Water Quality Assessment of Lakes in Mountain Region with Spatial Reference to Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India 99 Piyali Sabui, Shakshee Soni, Ayushii Yadav, and Pallavi Das 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 Study Area and Site Description 102 6.3 Results and Discussion 104 6.4 Conclusion 108 Acknowledgement 109 References 109 7 Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Leh Town, Trans-Himalaya, India Using Entropy Water Quality Index 113 Lobzang Chorol and Sunil K. Gupta 7.
1 Introduction 113 7.2 Materials and Methods 115 7.3 Results and Discussions 121 7.4 Conclusions 129 Acknowledgment 129 References 130 8 Revival of Drying Springs in Mountainous Regions of the Himalayas - Inferences from an Isotope Hydrochemical Study 135 Tirumalesh Keesari, Diksha Pant, Hemant Mohokar, and Vinod Khatti 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Study Area 136 8.3 Rainfall and Climate 137 8.4 Sampling and Analytical Techniques 139 8.
5 Chemical Species 140 8.6 Stable Isotopes (δ 2 H, and δ 18 O) 140 8.7 Radioactive Isotope (3 H) 141 8.8 Results and Discussion 141 8.9 Discharge Rate Analysis 141 8.10 Hydrochemistry 146 8.11 Environmental Isotopes 147 8.12 Isotopic Inferences and Recommendations 152 8.
13 Impact of Artificial Recharge Measures 154 8.14 Conclusions 154 Acknowledgment 158 References 158 9 Biogeochemical Characterization of Water Resources in the Indian Himalayan Regions 161 Sayantan Das, Aman Verma, Saurabh K. Sharma, and Nidhi Verma 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Factors Impacting Water Resources 162 9.3 Monitoring, Assessment, Management, and Treatment 165 9.4 Case Studies 168 9.5 Conclusion 172 9.
6 Future Directions 172 References 173 10 Mountainous Water Resources: Understanding Microbial Dynamics, Ecological Resilience, and Sustainable Management Strategies amidst Climatic Challenges 181 Deepansha Raina, Devansh Kumar, Ashita S. Khasa, Mohit Marwah, Sunila Hooda, and Shalini Swami 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 Microbial Dynamics and Mountainous Water Resources 182 10.3 Climatic Challenges and Extreme Climatic Affairs 184 10.4 Mountainous Ecological Resilience 187 10.5 Strategies for Sustainable Management 188 10.6 Vulnerability and Adaptability 192 10.
7 Case Reports and Best Practices 195 10.8 Potential for Research and Future Routes 197 10.9 Conclusion 198 References 199 11 Modeling the Glacier Energy and Mass Budget of the Phuche Glacier in the Cold-arid Trans-Himalayan Region, Ladakh Range 207 Jaydeo Kumar Dharpure, Ajanta Goswami, Akansha Patel, Sanjay Kumar Jain, and Anil Vishnupant Kulkarni 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Study Area 208 11.3 Data and Methods 210 11.4 Results 213 11.5 Discussion 226 11.
6 Conclusion 229 Acknowledgment 229 Funding 230 References 230 12 Estimation of Ice Thickness and Glacier-Stored Water of the Teesta Basin, Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim, India 237 K. Shruti and M. Geetha Priya 12.1 Introduction 237 12.2 Study Area 240 12.3 Data Used 243 12.4 Methodology 243 12.5 Results 246 12.
6 Discussion 249 12.7 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgments 251 References 251 13 Snowmelt Runoff Estimation Using Landsat 8 Snow Cover Area Products in Beas River Basin, Western Himalayan via SRM Degree-Day Modeling Approach 257 Gopinadh Rongali, Ashok K. Keshari, Ashvani K. Gosain, Rakesh Khosa, and Raghavendra Ashrit 13.1 Introduction 257 13.2 Description of the Study Area 259 13.3 Methodology 260 13.4 Data Used 268 13.
5 Results and Discussion 269 13.6 Conclusions 276 Acknowledgments 277 References 277 14 Management of Water Resources Through the Application of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing for Satpuda Mountainous Terrain, Madhya Pradesh, India 281 S.F.R. Khadri, S.F.A. Khadri, Mayura D.
Deshmukh, and Vinay K. Gaddam 14.1 Introduction 281 14.2 Climate and Vegetation 281 14.3 Geomorphological Studies 284 14.4 Structural Hill 287 14.5 Water Resource Management of Satpuda Mountainous Terrain 294 14.6 Summary and Conclusions 296 Acknowledgments 296 References 297 15 Assessment and Management of Flash Floods in the India Himalayas: Challenges, Strategies, and Solutions 301 Tanveer Dar and Kainat Aziz 15.
1 Introduction 301 15.2 Causes of Flash Flood 302 15.3 Flooding in Major River Basins of India 303 15.4 Dynamics of Flash Floods in the Himalayan Region 306 15.5 Factors Affecting Flash Floods 308 15.6 Mitigation Strategies for Flash Floods 311 15.7 Concluding Remarks 314 References 315 16 Critical Perspectives on Climate Change and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods'' Impact in the Himalayas: Policy Inferences from the South Lhonak Flood of 2023 319 Arpan Sharma, Narpati Sharma, and Mousumi Gupta 16.1 Introduction 319 16.
2 Outbursts and Climate Change Impact in the Last Century 320 16.3 Warnings and South Lhonak Lake Outburst Flood 325 16.4 Inferences from the South Lhonak Lake Outburst Flood 329 16.5 Conclusion 330 References 330 17 A Comprehensive Review on Water Resource Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Mountain Region of India 335 Deepika Dimri, Ambika Kumar, and Shalini Singh Chhetri 17.1 Introduction 335 17.2 The Documented Consequences of Climate Change 336 17.3 Summary and Conclusion 346 References 346 18 Rainfall Intensity and Return Periods of Extreme Rainfall Over the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India 355 Deen D. Khandelwal, Manish Mehta, and Dwarika P.
Dobhal 18.1 Introduction 355 18.2 Study Area and Environmental Setting 356 18.3 Data and Methodology 357 18.4 Result and Discussion 360 18.5 Conclusions 364 Acknowledgments 365 References 365 19 Traditional Techniques of Rainwater Management and Conservation in the Mountainous Regions of North-East India 369 Liza G. Kiba, Chitrasen Lairenjam, Arbind Kumar Verma, Prem Ranjan, and Grace Nengzouzam 19.1 Introduction 369 19.
2 Water Resources of NER 372 19.3 Traditional Water Management Techniques in NER 373 19.4 Challenges in the Water Management System 378 19.5 Conclusion 379 Acknowledgment 379 References 379 20 Sustainable Management of Groundwater Along the Foothills Focusing on Mountain Front Recharge: A Global Review and Status with Regard to Indian Context 383 Banajarani Panda, Sab.