List of Contributors xiii Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Patrik Rugeland, Mikko A. Uusitalo, Sylvaine Kerboeuf, Jeroen Famaey, Stefan Wendt, Henk Wymeersch, Sokratis Barmpounakis, Hamed Farhadi, and Mauro R. Boldi 1.1 Why Do We Need 6G? 2 1.2 Global View on Development Towards 6G 3 1.3 Structure of the Rest of the Book 5 Disclaimer 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 6 References 6 2 Value of 6G 9 Stefan Wendt, Hanne-Stine Hallingby, Cristóbal Vinagre Zúñiga, Marja Matinmikko-Blue, Arturo Basaure, Maurizio Cecchi, Ishita Mishra, Ana Pereira, and Anastasia Yagafarova 2.1 Sustainability and Values 10 2.2 Stakeholders in the 6G System 16 2.

2.1 6G Use-Case Business Ecosystem Stakeholders 17 2.2.1.1 Business Ecosystems'' Expansion with 6G 18 2.2.1.2 Sustainability Risk Assessment of the 6G Use Cases 19 2.

2.1.3 The Envisioned 6G User 19 2.2.1.4 Indirect 6G User Impact 20 2.2.1.

5 Customers and Innovators as Stakeholders 20 2.2.1.6 Risk Mitigation 20 2.2.1.7 Building a Resilient 6G 21 2.2.

2 Spectrum Ecosystem Stakeholders 21 2.2.3 Public Ecosystem Stakeholders 23 2.3 6G Use-Case Families and Use Cases 25 2.3.1 Immersive Experience 25 2.3.2 Physical Awareness 26 2.

3.3 Digital Twins 26 2.3.4 Fully Connected World 27 2.3.5 Trusted Environments 27 2.3.6 Collaborative Robots 27 2.

4 6G Use Case and Value Design Cooperating Mobile Robots 28 2.4.1 Human and Planetary Goals 28 2.4.2 Problems to Be Solved and Challenges 29 2.4.3 Why 6G Is Needed 29 2.4.

4 Example Scenarios 30 2.4.4.1 Cooperative Carrying with Mobile Robots 30 2.4.4.2 Lot-Size-1 Production 31 2.4.

4.3 Automated Industrial Tasks 31 2.4.4.4 Autonomous Farming 32 2.4.4.5 Autonomous Construction Site 32 2.

4.4.6 Smart Workshop 33 2.4.5 Deployment Aspects 34 2.4.5.1 Environment 34 2.

4.5.2 Type of Deployment 34 2.4.5.3 Users and Devices 34 2.4.5.

4 Constraints and Challenges 34 2.4.6 Requirements 35 2.4.7 Key Performance Indicators 35 2.4.8 Key Values and Key Value Indicators 37 2.4.

9 Feedback into Technical Design 43 2.5 Business Models 44 2.5.1 Business Modelling for 6G Ecosystem 44 2.5.2 Business Modelling for Cooperating Mobile Robots Use Case 51 2.6 Conclusions 52 Acknowledgement 52 Acronyms and Abbreviations 53 References 53 3 Sustainable 6G Platform 55 Sylvaine Kerboeuf, Akshay Jain, Diego Lopez, Raul Munoz, Pol Alemany, Behnam Ojaghi, Luís Pedro Santos, José María Jorquera Valero, Manuel Gil Pérez, Gregorio Martínez Pérez, Pietro G. Giardina, Huy Q.

Tran, Gunes Kesik, Noelia Perez Palma, Antonio Skarmeta, Pawani Porambage, Josué Castañeda Cisneros, Elham Dehghan Biyar, Ioannis Tzanettis, Grigorios Kakkavas, Anastasios Zafeiropoulos, Xosé R. Sousa, and Patrik Rugeland 3.1 Sustainable 6G System: Principles and Requirements 56 3.1.1 Design Principles 57 3.1.2 Requirements 59 3.1.

2.1 Functional Requirements 59 3.1.2.2 Non-functional Requirements 61 3.2 Blueprint of the Sustainable 6G Platform 64 3.2.1 E2E System Architecture 64 3.

2.1.1 Infrastructure Layer 65 3.2.1.2 Network Functions Layer 66 3.2.1.

3 Application Enablement Platform Layer 67 3.2.1.4 Application Layer 69 3.2.1.5 Pervasive Functionalities 69 3.2.

1.6 Multistakeholder Support 71 3.2.2 Design Process of 6G E2E System 71 3.2.2.1 Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up System Design 71 3.2.

2.2 Enablers Integration in 6G System: A Knowledge Graph-Based Approach 74 3.3 Multi-Stakeholder Intent-Based Service Management 76 3.3.1 End-to-End Multi-DSP Service Management 76 3.3.1.1 Multi-DSP Aggregation Service Provisioning 76 3.

3.1.2 Multi-DSP Federation Service Provisioning 77 3.3.2 Intent-Based Digital Service Manager 78 3.3.2.1 Intent-Based Interfaces 79 3.

3.3 Intent-Based-Specific Enablers for a Sustainable E2E Service Management 80 3.3.3.1 E2E Intent-Driven Service Fulfilment Management 80 3.3.3.2 E2E Intent-Driven Service Evaluation Management 80 3.

3.3.3 E2E Intent-Driven Closed Loop Coordination 81 3.3.3.4 E2E Intent-Based Trust Management 82 3.4 E2E Security Concepts 82 3.4.

1 Security Controls and Security Enablers 84 3.4.1.1 Physical Context Awareness 86 3.4.1.2 Physical Anomaly Detection 87 3.4.

1.3 Physical Layer Deception 88 3.4.1.4 Transparency Services and Level of Trust Assessment 89 3.4.1.5 Data-Intensive E2E Security Management 91 3.

4.1.6 DevSecOps 91 3.4.2 E2E 6G Security 92 3.4.2.1 Infrastructure Layer 92 3.

4.2.2 Network Functions Layer 92 3.4.2.3 Application Enablement Platform Layer 93 3.4.2.

4 Management and Orchestration 93 3.4.2.5 AI Framework 93 3.4.2.6 Data Framework 93 3.4.

2.7 Multistakeholder 6G Ecosystem 93 3.4.2.8 Service Exposure and New 6G Services 93 3.5 Conclusion 94 Acronyms and Abbreviations 95 References 97 4 6G Transceiver and Radio Design 101 Ahmad Nimr, Luis González, Tommy Svensson, Italo Atzeni, Jeroen Famaey, Nurul Huda Mahmood, Enrico Maria Vitucci, Gilberto Berardinelli, Claude Desset, Nuutti Tervo, George-Roberto Hotopan, Philippe Ratajczak, Davide Dardari, Sotiris Droulias, Angeliki Alexiou, Bikshapathi Gouda, Venkatesh Tentu, Charitha Madapatha, Akshay Vayal Parambath, Hao Guo, Sebastian Haas, Emil Matus, Onel L. A. López, Bikramjit Singh, Nafiseh Mazloum, Samer Nasser, Ritesh Kumar Singh, Priyesh Pappinisseri Puluckul, Riku Jäntti, Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy, Efstathios Katranaras, Usman Virk, Pekka Kyosti, Katsuyuki Haneda, Yigit Ertugrul, Meng Li, Bilal Khan, Christos Tsokos, Osmel Martínez Rosabal, Amirhossein Azarbahram, Ling Jie, Peize Zhang, Jingyi Liao, Kalle Koskinen, Xie Boxuan, Simon Nellen, Tianwen Qian, Ahmad Mohammad, Chris Roeloffzen, Muhsin Ali, Juha-Matti Runtti, and Fengchun Zhang 4.

1 6G Radio Design Overview 103 4.1.1 6G Radio Scenarios 104 4.1.2 Radio Design Framework 106 4.1.3 Flexible Radio Architecture and Deployment 109 4.2 Transceivers and Antennas 110 4.

2.1 Novel Architectures for Transistor-Based Sub-THz Systems 111 4.2.1.1 Dimensioning 111 4.2.1.2 Phase Noise Mitigation Utilizing Asymmetrical LO Routing 111 4.

2.1.3 Antenna Integration 113 4.2.2 Novel Sub-THz Transceiver Technologies 115 4.2.2.1 Resonant Tunnelling Diodes 115 4.

2.2.2 Photonic Sub-THz Transceivers 116 4.2.3 RIS Hardware Prototyping and Verification 119 4.3 Channel and Hardware Modelling 120 4.3.1 Short-Range Measurements and Channel Models in Industrial Scenarios 121 4.

3.1.1 Delay Spread Analysis 122 4.3.1.2 Path-Loss Analysis 122 4.3.1.

3 Analysis of the Rician K-Factor 124 4.3.2 Macroscopic Channel Modelling for RIS 124 4.3.2.1 Fully Ray-Based Macroscopic Modelling 125 4.3.3 Modelling of Sub-THz Channel Dispersion in the Presence of Beamforming 127 4.

3.4 Modelling of Hardware Non-Idealities 128 4.3.4.1 Sub-THz Non-Idealities Modelling 128 4.3.4.2 FR3 Power Amplifier Modelling 130 4.

4 MIMO Architectures and Transmission Schemes 130 4.4.1 Hybrid Architectures Exploiting ''Over-the-Air'' EM Signal Processing 130 4.4.2 Near-Field Wavefront Engineering for Integrated Sensing and Communication 134 4.4.2.1 RIS-Aided Wavefront Engineering 134 4.

4.2.2 Near-Field Angle-Range Localization for ISAC 136 4.4.3 Massive MIMO with Low-Resolution Data Converters 137 4.4.4 D-MIMO and RIS 139 4.4.

4.1 Centralized Versus Distributed Beamforming Design in D-MIMO 139 4.4.4.2 ISAC D-MIMO, Scalable D-MIMO 140 4.4.4.3 RIS-Assisted D-MIMO, RIS-Assisted IAB 142 4.

5 6G Devices and Infrastructure 144 4.5.1 Future Directions for IoT Devices 145 4.5.1.1 Energy Neutral Devices 145 4.5.1.

2 Enhanced LPWA 145 4.5.1.3 Intelligence with TinyML 145 4.5.1.4 Security and Privacy Enhancements 145 4.5.

2 Secure Integration of SoC Accelerators 146 4.5.2.1 Secure SoC Architecture with Accelerator Integration Support 146 4.5.2.2 AI and DSP Accelerator Capabilities 147 4.5.

3 Energy Neutral Device Design 148 4.5.3.1 Energy Harvesting 148 4.5.3.2 Protocols for Active Energy Neutral Devices 150 4.5.

3.3 Passive Energy Neutral Devices 152 4.6 Conclusions 154 Acronyms and Abbreviations 155 References 157 5 Architecture Enablers for 6G 167 Mårten Ericson, Ozgur Umut Akgul, Panagiotis Botsinis, Sameh Eldessoki, Nicolas Chuberre, Dorin Panaitopol, Joachim Sachs, Hasanin Harkous, Iman Hmedoush, Luis G. Uzeda Garcia, Pere Garau Burguera, Antonio de la Oliva, János Harmatos, Halina Tarasiuk, Marcin Ziólkowski, Karol Kuczyoski, Alperen Gundogan, Milan Zivkovic, Diamanti Maria, Pilar Andres Maldonado, Stefan Wänstedt, Vignesh Raman, Bassem Arar, Riccardo Bassoli, Frank H.P. Fitzek, Vasileios Tsekenis, Sokratis Barmpounakis, and Antonio Varvara 5.1 Novel Services 168 5.1.

1 Sensing Functional Architecture 170 5.1.2 Compute Offloading 171 5.1.3 AI as a Service 173 5.1.4 Consumer Application Function Placement Optimization 174 5.2 6G Cloud-Native Architecture 176 5.

2.1 Modular Network Architecture for 6G 176 5.2.2 Inter-module Interactions and Interfaces 178 5.2.3 Integration of Extreme Edge 179 5.3 Flexible Networks 180