Author Biographies xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix Definition/Abbreviations xxxix Web Catalog xli Exercises Discussed in this Book xliii Figures Discussed in this Book xlix Equations Discussed in this Book lv Tables Discussed in this Book lvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Introduction 1 2 The Protection Overlay 5 2.1 Objectives 5 2.2 Introduction 5 2.3 Nonunit Protection and Unit Protection 6 2.3.1 Nonunit or Nonrestricted Protection 7 2.
3.1.1 Nonunit Protection Using Time for Discrimination 7 2.3.1.2 Nonunit Protection Not Using Time for Discrimination 8 2.3.2 Unit or Restricted Protection 8 2.
4 Nonunit Protection and Unit Protection 10 2.5 Backup Protection 14 2.5.1 Primary and Secondary Protection Schemes 15 2.5.2 Dual Main Protection Schemes 16 2.6 Self-Assessments Questions 17 Bibliography 17 3 Nonunit Protection of Distribution Feeders 23 3.1 Objectives 23 3.
2 Introduction 23 3.3 Fuses 24 3.3.1 Fuse Operating Characteristics 26 3.3.2 Protecting Radial Feeder Circuits with Fuses 28 3.3.3 Expulsion Fuse for Protecting Radial Feeder Circuits 31 3.
3.4 Circuit Breaker-Assisted Fuse Protection Schemes 32 3.4 Overcurrent Relays 34 3.5 IDMT Overcurrent Relays 35 3.5.1 Operating Characteristics 35 3.5.2 Relay Types 37 3.
5.2.1 Electromechanical Relays 37 3.5.2.2 Static (Analog) Relays 39 3.5.2.
3 Digital Relays 40 3.5.3 Overcurrent Relay Setting 41 3.5.3.1 Protecting Feeder Circuits with IDMT Overcurrent Relays 42 3.5.3.
2 The Relay Current Settings 43 3.5.3.3 Relay Time Settings 48 3.6 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays 50 3.7 Conclusion 51 3.8 Self-Assessment Questions 52 3.8.
1 Protecting Feeder Circuits Using IDMT Overcurrent Relays with Instantaneous Elements 53 3.8.2 Protecting Feeder Circuits Using Directional Overcurrent Relays 54 3.8.3 Phase Fault Protection Using Directional Overcurrent Relays 56 3.8.4 Phase Fault Protection of Parallel Feeders 56 3.8.
5 Phase Fault Protection of Ring Main Circuits 57 3.8.6 Earth Fault Protection Using Directional Overcurrent Relays 59 3.8.7 Computer-Based Overcurrent Relay Grading 61 Bibliography 61 4 Protection Transducers 67 4.1 Objectives 67 4.2 Introduction 67 4.3 Current Transformer (CT) 68 4.
4 Voltage Transformer (VT) 71 4.5 Self-Assessment Questions 73 Bibliography 73 5 Unit Protection of Distribution Feeders 79 5.1 Objectives 79 5.2 Introduction 79 5.3 Conventional Differential Protection 80 5.4 Digital Differential Protection 83 5.5 Directional Earth Fault Protection 85 5.6 Rough Balance Protection 86 5.
7 Self-Assessment Questions 89 Bibliography 90 6 Transformer Protection 95 6.1 Objectives 95 6.2 Introduction 95 6.2.1 Earth Fault 96 6.2.2 Phase Fault 96 6.2.
3 Interturn Fault 98 6.2.4 Core Fault 98 6.3 Protection Overview 98 6.4 Differential Protection 99 6.4.1 Factors Affecting Differential Protection 99 6.4.
2 Transformation Ratio 99 6.4.3 Phase Shifts in Delta/Star Windings 100 6.4.4 Tap Changing 102 6.4.5 Magnetic Inrush 103 6.5 Fuse Protection 107 6.
6 Overcurrent Protection 108 6.7 Restricted Earth Fault Protection 108 6.8 Buchholz Protection 109 6.9 Winding Temperature Protection 110 6.10 Summary 110 6.11 Self-Assessment Questions 112 Bibliography 112 7 Busbar Protection 117 7.1 Objectives 117 7.2 Introduction 117 7.
3 Busbar Fault Clearing Using Backup Protection 118 7.4 Frame-Earth Protection 118 7.4.1 Basic System 118 7.4.2 Frame-Earth with Check Relay 120 7.4.3 Frame-Earth Protection for Sectioned Busbar 120 7.
4.4 Frame Earth Protection for Double Busbar Switchboard 122 7.5 Differential Protection 122 7.5.1 Basic Application 122 7.5.2 Differential Protection for Sectioned Substation 124 7.5.
3 Differential Protection for Double Busbar Substation 125 7.5.4 High Impedance Relays for Differential Busbar Schemes 127 7.5.5 Stabilizing Resistance 127 7.5.6 Relay Setting Calculation 129 7.6 Self-Assessment Questions 131 Bibliography 131 8 Motor Protection 137 8.
1 Objectives 137 8.2 Introduction 137 8.3 Motor Characteristics Involved in Protection 138 8.4 Stator Winding Protection 139 8.5 Overload Protection 140 8.6 Phase Unbalance Protection 141 8.7 Self-Assessment Questions 143 Bibliography 143 9 Embedded Generation Protection Systems 147 9.1 Objectives 147 9.
2 Introduction 147 9.2.1 Embedded Generation 147 9.2.2 Types of Generation 148 9.3 Problem Introduced by Connecting Embedded Generating 150 9.3.1 Safety 150 9.
3.2 Quality of Supply 151 9.3.3 Short-Circuit and Damage Prevention Protection 152 9.3.4 Protection Guidelines 153 9.4 Utility Protection Requirements for an Embedded Generator 154 9.4.
1 Short-Circuit Protection for External Faults 154 9.4.2 Short-Circuit Protection for Internal Faults 154 9.4.3 Neutral Displacement Protection 155 9.4.4 Phase Unbalance Protection 156 9.4.
5 Field Failure and Pole-Slipping Protection 156 9.4.6 Reverse Power Protection 158 9.4.7 Synchronization Control of the Connection Circuit Braker 159 9.4.8 Under-/Overvoltage and Under-/Over-frequency Protection 159 9.4.
9 Loss of Grid Protection 159 9.4.10 Protection Supervision 164 9.5 Self-Assessment Questions 165 Bibliography 165 10 Autoreclose Relaying 169 10.1 Objectives 169 10.2 Introduction 169 10.2.1 The Main Cause of Faults on Overhead Distribution Lines 170 10.
2.2 Transient, Semipermanent, and Permanent Faults 170 10.2.3 Fault Clearance 171 10.2.4 Circuit Breaker Operation 171 10.3 Autoreclosing Relays 172 10.3.
1 The Single-Shot Autoreclosing Relay Sequence 172 10.3.2 Choice of Dead Time 174 10.3.3 Multiple-Shot Autoreclose Schemes 175 10.3.4 Check Synchronism Relays 178 10.4 Self-Assessment Questions 180 Bibliography 180 11 Coordinated Protection and Control 185 11.
1 Objectives 185 11.2 Conventional Protection and Control Systems 185 11.3 Coordinated Protection and Control 188 11.4 Digital Technology 189 11.4.1 Digital Communications 189 11.4.2 Computer Networking 191 11.
4.3 Communication Media for Data Communications 194 11.4.4 Digital Relays 194 11.5 Typical Structure of a Modern Coordinated Substation 195 11.6 Self-Assessment Questions 198 Bibliography 198 12 Smart Grid Operation & Control 203 12.1 Objectives 203 12.2 Introduction 203 12.
2.1 Distributed Intelligence 204 12.2.2 Broadband Communication 204 12.3 Distribution System 205 12.4 The Smart Grid Ultimate Goal 206 12.5 Smart Grid Decentralized Versus Centralized Control 207 12.6 Distribution Automation (DA) 208 12.
6.1 Communication Networks 209 12.6.2 Distribution Automation (DA) - FDIR 209 12.6.2.1 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR) 209 12.6.
2.2 Radial Low-Voltage Networks 210 12.6.2.3 Voltage Measurement Schematic 211 12.6.3 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR) and FLISR 212 12.7 Volt-Var Optimization (VVO) 213 12.
8 SCADA System 214 12.8.1 SCADA System Functions 216 12.8.2 SCADA System Outage Monitoring 216 12.9 Case Studies 217 12.9.1 Northern Virginia Electric Cooperative (NOVEC) 217 12.
9.2 Electric Power Board of Chattanooga 218 12.9.3 Duke Energy 218 12.9.4 Consolidated Edison (Con Edison) 219 12.9.5 Centerpoint Energy 219 12.
9.6 PPL Electric Utilities Corporation 220 12.9.7 Pepco - Dc 220 12.9.8 Southern Company 221 12.9.9 Wisconsin Power and Light Company (WPL) 221 12.
9.10 Central Lincoln People''s Utility District 222 12.9.11 Florida Power & LIG, HT Company (FPL) 222 12.10 Smart Grid System for PV and Wind 223 12.11 R&D Challenges 223 12.12 Standardization Efforts in Smart Grid Technologies 223 12.12.
1 Key Organizations Involved in Standardization 224 12.12.2 Impact of Policies on Smart and Microgrid Operations 225 12.12.2.1 Renewable Energy Policies 225 12.12.2.
2 Energy Efficiency and Demand Response 225 12.12.2.3 Cybersecurity and Privacy Regulations 225 12.13 Challenges in Regulatory and Standardization Implementation 226 12.13.1 Harmonization Across Regions 226 12.13.
2 Regulatory Uncertainty 226 12.13.3 Balancing Innovation and Regulation 226 12.14 Future Directions in Regulatory and Standardization Efforts 227 12.15 Self-Assessment Questions 228 Bibliography 228 13 Microgrid Operation and Control 231 13.1 Objectives 231 13.2 Introduction 231 13.3 Classification of Microgrids 231 13.
3.1 AC Microgrid Operations and Control 234 13.3.2 dc Microgrid Operations and Control 235 13.3.3 Hybrid Microgrid Operations and Control 236 13.4 Microgrid Control 238 13.5 Droop Control - Parallel Inverter in UPS System 241.