List of Contributors xxv About the Editor xxxi About the Contributors xxxiii Preface lv Acknowledgments lxiii Reviewers lxv About the Companion Website lxvii Part I Core Concepts and Enablers 1 1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 3 Detlef Schoder 1.1 Historical Roots 3 1.2 Related Streams: Machine-to-Machine Communications, Industrial Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and Cyber-Physical Systems 6 1.3 Who Works on the Internet of Things? 8 1.4 Internet of Things--Core Concepts 9 1.5 Internet of Things Framework 12 1.6 Derived Qualities of Modern ICT 24 1.
7 Potential for Product, Process, and Business Model Innovations 26 1.8 Implications and Challenges 30 1.9 Conclusion 34 References 35 2 An Overview of Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things 41 Faisal S. Alsubaei, Abdullah Abuhussein, and Sajjan Shiva 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Overview of IoT Architecture 42 2.3 Enabling Technologies 43 2.4 IoT Platforms and Operating Systems 61 2.
5 Conclusion 63 References 64 3 RFID in the Internet of Things 67 Akaa Agbaeze Eteng, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, and Chee Yen Leow 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 A Brief History of RFID 68 3.3 A Glimpse into RFID Technology 69 3.4 RFID Applications in the Internet of Things 71 3.5 Connecting RFID Transceivers to the Internet 77 3.6 Emerging Technology Trends 80 3.7 Challenges and Outlook 81 3.
8 Conclusion 83 References 84 4 Sensors, Actuators, Wireless Sensor Networks, and the Internet of Things 89 Akaa Agbaeze Eteng 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 A Glimpse into Sensors and Actuators 89 4.3 Wireless Sensor Networks 94 4.4 Wireless Sensor Networks in the Internet of Things 101 4.5 Deployment Case Studies 104 4.6 Open Problems and Future Directions 106 4.7 Conclusion 112 References 112 5 Cloud and Fog Computing in the Internet of Things 119 Daniel Happ 5.
1 Introduction 119 5.2 IoT System Requirements 120 5.3 Cloud Computing in IoT 121 5.4 Fog Computing in IoT 126 5.5 Conclusion 133 References 134 6 On Standardizing the Internet of Things and Its Applications 137 Kai Jakobs 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Current Status 139 6.3 The Standardization Environment 143 6.
4 Standardization in Selected Application Areas 145 6.5 Discussion and Some Speculation 152 6.6 Conclusion 154 Acknowledgments 155 References 155 Part II AI and the Internet of Things 159 7 Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things: Algorithms, Applications, and Challenges 161 Chathumi Samaraweera, Adarsha Bhattarai, Dongming Peng, Yutong Liu, and Hamid Sharif 7.1 Introduction 161 7.2 AI Algorithms 163 7.3 AI-Based IoT Applications 176 7.4 Current Challenges and Potential Solutions 182 7.5 More Considerations on Real-World Applications and Moral Ramifications of AI/ML in IoT 186 7.
6 Conclusion 187 References 188 8 Deep Learning and the Internet of Things: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities 193 John Byabazaire, Joana Tirana, Andreas Chouliaras, Vlasis Koutsos, Theodoros Aslanidis, Ioannis Panagiotidis, and Dimitris Chatzopoulos 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Overview of Deep Learning 195 8.3 Edge Intelligence 200 8.4 tinyML 206 8.5 Digital Twins 209 8.6 Metaverse 212 8.7 Challenges and Opportunities 216 8.
8 Conclusion 220 References 221 Part III Use Cases and Application Domains 229 9 The Industrial Internet of Things 231 Alexander Willner 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Market Overview 232 9.3 Interoperability and Technologies 236 9.4 Alliances 239 9.5 Conclusions 243 Acknowledgments 243 References 244 10 The Emerging "Energy Internet of Things" 247 Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso 10.1 Introduction 247 10.2 Power Management Trends and EIoT Support 251 10.
3 Real-Life Power Management Optimization Approaches 267 10.4 Challenges and Future Directions 270 10.5 Conclusion 273 References 274 11 Implementing the Internet of Things for Renewable Energy 279 Lucas Finco and Daniel Minoli 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 Managing the Impact of Sustainable Energy 280 11.3 EIoT Deployment 285 11.4 Industry Standards for EIoT 290 11.5 Security Considerations in EIoT and Clean Energy Environments 292 11.
6 Conclusion 293 References 294 12 Internet of Things Applications for Smart Cities 297 Daniel Minoli and Benedict Occhiogrosso 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 IoT Applications for Smart Cities 299 12.3 Specific Smart City Applications 306 12.4 Optimal Enablement of Video and Multimedia Capabilities in IoT 312 12.5 Key Underlying Technologies for Smart Cities IoT Applications 313 12.6 Challenges and Future Research 320 12.7 Conclusion 321 References 321 13 Internet of Things Applications for Agriculture 327 Lei Zhang, Ibibia K.
Dabipi, and Willie L. Brown Jr. 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Internet-of-Things-Based PA 329 13.3 IoT Application in Agriculture Irrigation 331 13.4 IoT Application in Agriculture Fertilization 334 13.5 IoT Application in Crop Disease and Pest Management 336 13.
6 IoT Application in Precision Livestock Farming 337 13.7 Conclusion 339 References 339 14 Smart Landslide Monitoring and Warning Systems with IoT Technologies 345 Sahil Sankhyan, Mirothali Chand, Praveen Kumar, Kala Venkata Uday, and Varun Dutt 14.1 Introduction 345 14.2 IoT-Based Landslide Early Warning Systems (IoT-LEWSs) 347 14.3 Case Studies 356 14.4 Challenges and Future Research 358 14.5 Conclusion 362 References 363 15 The Internet of Things and People in Health Care 369 Nancy L. Russo and Jeanette Eriksson 15.
1 Introduction 369 15.2 The Smart Health Care Ecosystem 370 15.3 Dimensions of Internet of Things Applications in Health Care 374 15.4 Examples of IoT-Related Health Care Applications and Their Dimensions 378 15.5 Challenges 386 15.6 Conclusion 388 Acknowledgments 389 References 389 16 Smart Ambulance and Emergency Medicine: Mobile IoT in the 6G Era 391 Bernard Fong, Alvis Fong, Haesik Kim, Vyasa Sai, and Chi Kwong li 16.1 Introduction 391 16.2 IoT in Emergency Medicine 392 16.
3 Integration and Compatibility 400 16.4 Case Study: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 405 16.5 Smart Ambulance Challenges 410 16.6 Moving into the 6G Era 411 16.7 Conclusions 413 References 414 17 Smart Connected Homes 419 Joseph Bugeja, Andreas Jacobsson, and Paul Davidsson 17.1 Introduction 419 17.2 The Smart Connected Home Domain 420 17.3 Smart Connected Home Systems 422 17.
4 The Smart Connected Home Technologies 425 17.5 Smart Connected Home Architectures 430 17.6 Smart Connected Home Challenges and Research Directions 432 17.7 Conclusions 435 Acknowledgments 435 References 436 18 The Internet of Flying Things 439 Daniel Fernando Pigatto, Mariana Rodrigues, João Vitor de Carvalho Fontes, Alex Sandro Roschildt Pinto, James Smith, and Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo Branco 18.1 Introduction 439 18.2 Flying Things 440 18.3 The Internet of Flying Things 442 18.4 Challenges 449 18.
5 Case Studies 455 18.6 Conclusions 461 Acknowledgments 462 References 462 19 Internet of Military Things and Weaponized AI: Technology in the Age of Conflict 465 Jan Sliwa 19.1 Introduction 465 19.2 Military Systems: Basic Elements 466 19.3 Military Applications: Selected Topics 473 19.4 AI Governance: Legal and Ethical Ramifications 490 19.5 Conclusion 492 References 493 Part IV Security and Privacy 495 20 Security Mechanisms and Technologies for Constrained IoT Devices 497 Marco Tiloca and Shahid Raza 20.1 Introduction 497 20.
2 Security in IoT Protocols and Technologies 498 20.3 Security Issues and Solutions 507 20.4 Conclusion 517 References 517 21 Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 523 Göran Pulkkis, Jonny Karlsson, and Magnus Westerlund 21.1 Introduction 523 21.2 Regulatory Requirements 524 21.3 Blockchain Technology 526 21.4 Blockchains and IoT Systems 528 21.5 Examples of Blockchain-Based Security Solutions for IoT Systems 528 21.
6 Challenges and Future Research 535 21.7 Conclusions 535 References 536 22 Authentication Methods for the Internet of Things: Pre- and Post-Quantum Computing 539 Farnaz Farid, Ala Al-Areqi, Fariza Sabrina, and Farhad Ahamed 22.1 Introduction 539 22.2 Pre-Quantum Authentication Methods for IoT 541 22.3 Quantum Computing and its Impact on IoT Security 547 22.4 Post-Quantum Authentication Methods for IoT 549 22.5 Post-Quantum Authentication and IoT Applicat.