The four-volume sub-series 'Petrifying Wealth' explores the sudden ubiquity of masonry construction between 1050 and 1300 in Southern Europe and its profound effect on the European landscape. New questions about wealth, society, and medieval building are explored, which highlight the link between construction in durable materials and the shaping of individual, collective, and territorial identities: the birth of a new, long-lasting panorama, epitomising the way we see the space and territory of Europe today. Volume 4 investigates the 'petrification of wealth' during the central Middle Ages across the lands of present-day Spain, Italy, and France from perspectives of art history, visual and material culture, and history. Through both focused case studies and broad-ranging comparative surveys, the book explores innovative approaches to existing works in stone as well as architectural imagery. Some of the foundational ideas on which this volume builds are individual and collective investment in significant stone undertakings; memory and identity within networks of patronage, gender, and power; implications of spaces and topographies--real or imagined--for works in stone; impacts of violence on construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction; and representations of stone monuments through other forms of cultural manifestations, whether visual, material, or textual.