List of Contributors xv Foreword xxi Part I Anatomy and physiology 1 1 Functional anatomy of trigeminovascular pain 3 Karl Messlinger and Mária Dux 1.1 Anatomy of the trigeminovascular system 3 1.2 Trigeminal ganglion 9 1.3 Trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex 12 2 Physiology of the meningeal sensory pathway 31 Andrew Strassman and Agustin Melo-Carrillo 2.1 Anatomy of the trigeminovascular system 31 2.2 Nociceptive response properties of peripheral and central neurons in the meningeal sensory pathway 32 2.3 Activity of neurons in the meningeal sensory pathway under conditions associated with headache: CSD and nitroglycerin 36 2.4 Role of blood vessels in activation of the meningeal sensory pathway 38 2.
5 Unique neuronal properties of the meningeal sensory pathway 39 2.6 Intracranial vs extracranial mechanisms of migraine: new findings 40 References 41 3 Meningeal afferent ion channels and their role in migraine 49 Gregory Dussor PhD 3.1 Meningeal afferents and migraine pain 49 3.2 Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and headache 49 3.3 Acid-sensing ion channels 54 3.4 Glutamate-gated channels 55 3.5 ATP-gated channels 55 3.6 K+ channels 56 3.
7 Other ion channels that may contribute to dural afferent signaling 57 3.8 Conclusions 57 3.9 Acknowledgements 58 References 58 4 Functional architecture of central pain pathways: focus on the trigeminovascular system 69 Rodrigo Noseda and Luis Villanueva 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Ascending trigeminal nociceptive pathways 69 4.3 Trigeminovascular pain is subject to descending control 77 4.4 Conclusions 82 References 83 Part II Special features of migraine pain 91 5 Visceral pain 93 Michael S. Gold and G.
F. Gebhart 5.1 Organization of innervation 93 5.2 Common features of visceral pain and headache 96 5.3 Summary and conclusions 101 5.4 Acknowledgement 101 References 102 6 Meningeal neurogenic inflammation and dural mast cells in migraine pain 107 Dan Levy PhD 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 The neurogenic inflammation hypothesis of migraine 108 6.
3 Meningeal neurogenic plasma protein extravasation and migraine 108 6.4 Meningeal neurogenic vasodilatation and migraine 110 6.5 Neurogenic mast cell activation in migraine 111 6.6 Endogenous events that could promote meningeal NI in migraine 113 6.7 Anti-migraine drugs and meningeal NI 113 6.8 Is meningeal NI a pro-nociceptive event in migraine? 114 6.9 Conclusions 115 References 116 7 Sensitization and photophobia in migraine 125 Aaron Schain and Rami Burstein 7.1 Introduction 125 7.
2 Experimental activation of trigeminovascular pathways 125 7.3 Peripheral sensitization 127 7.4 Central sensitization: medullary dorsal horn 127 7.5 Central sensitization: thalamus 129 7.6 Temporal aspects of sensitization and their implications to triptan therapy 129 7.7 Modulation of central sensitization 131 7.8 Neural substrate of migraine-type photophobia 133 References 135 8 Central circuits promoting chronification of migraine 139 Christopher W. Atcherley, Kelsey Nation, Milena De Felice, Jennifer Y.
Xie, Michael H. Ossipov, David W. Dodick and Frank Porreca 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Pharmacotherapy of migraine 140 8.3 Medication overuse headache (MOH) and migraine chronification 141 8.4 Central circuits modulating pain 143 8.5 Evaluation of descending modulation: diffuse noxious inhibitory controls and conditioned pain modulation 145 8.
6 Conclusions 148 References 149 9 Triptans to calcitonin gene-related peptide modulators - small molecules to antibodies - the evolution of a new migraine drug class 157 Richard J Hargreaves 9.1 Introduction 157 9.2 Trigeminovascular system - migraine physiology and pharmacology 157 9.3 Small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists 159 9.4 Current status of small molecule CGRP receptor antagonist programs 161 9.5 Unraveling the site of action of small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists using clinical pharmacology and brain imaging 162 9.6 Biologic approaches to CGRP modulation 163 9.7 Summary and conclusion 167 References 168 10 Lessons learned from CGRP mutant mice 175 Levi P.
Sowers, Annie E. Tye and Andrew F. Russo 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Modeling migraine 175 10.3 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine 176 10.4 What has CGRP manipulation in mice taught us about migraine? 177 10.5 Conclusions 183 References 183 Part III Clinical characteristics of migraine 189 11 The clinical characteristics of migraine 191 F.
Michael Cutrer MD, Ryan Smith MD and David W. Dodick MD 11.1 Overview of migraine 191 11.2 Migraine prodrome 191 11.3 The migraine headache is the centerpiece of the syndrome 192 11.4 Migraine aura 194 11.5 Proposed aura types 197 11.6 Postdrome 198 11.
7 Status migrainosus 199 Summary 199 References 199 12 The premonitory phase of migraine 201 Michele Viana and Peter J. Goadsby 12.1 What is the premonitory phase? Towards a definition 201 12.2 How common are premonitory symptoms? 202 12.3 Do premonitory symptoms reliably predict a migraine attack? 202 12.4 Premonitory symptoms in individuals 203 12.5 Intra-patient variability of the premonitory phase 203 12.6 Difference between patients with and without premonitory symptoms 204 12.
7 Premonitory symptoms in children 204 12.8 Premonitory symptoms and migraine triggers 204 12.9 Premonitory symptoms and pathophysiological studies 205 12.10 Treatment during the premonitory phase 206 12.11 Conclusion 206 References 207 Part IV Migraine genetics and CSD 209 13 The genetic borderland of migraine and epilepsy 211 Isamu Aiba and Jeffrey Noebels 13.1 Introduction 211 13.2 Gene-linked comorbidity 211 13.3 The challenge of dissecting seizure and aura excitability defects 212 13.
4 Clinical overlap of migraine with aura and epilepsy phenotypes 214 13.5 Acquired and genetic etiologies of migraine with aura and epilepsies 216 13.6 Migraine aura is linked to specific genes with locus and allelic heterogeneity 218 13.7 Correspondence of regional brain susceptibility for migraine in genetic epilepsy syndromes 219 13.8 Are SD thresholds progressive? 220 13.9 Spreading depolarization in cardiorespiratory brainstem regions, a candidate mechanism of SUDEP 221 13.10 Brainstem SD is a "second hit" leading to SUDEP 222 13.11 Tau ablation prevents seizures, SUDEP and brainstem SD threshold in models of SUDEP 223 13.
12 Conclusion 223 13.13 Acknowledgements 223 References 223 14 Genetics of monogenic and complex migraine 233 Else A. Tolner, Else Eising, Gisela M. Terwindt, Michel D. Ferrari and Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg 14.
1 Migraine is a genetic disease 233 14.2 How to identify genes for migraine? 234 14.3 Gene identification in monogenic Familial Hemiplegic Migraine 234 14.4 Functional studies of gene mutations in monogenic familial hemiplegic migraine 236 14.5 Genetic studies in monogenic disorders in which migraine is a prominent part of the clinical phenotype 239 14.6 Genome-wide association studies in common polygenic migraine 240 14.7 Future directions in genetic migraine research 241 References 243 15 Lessons from familial hemiplegic migraine and cortical spreading depression 251 Daniela Pietrobon 15.1 Introduction 251 15.
2 FHM genes and functional consequences of FHM mutations 252 15.3 Insights into the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to cortical spreading depression and initiation of migraine attacks from the functional analysis of FHM mouse models 255 15.4 Acknowledgements 260 References 260 16 From cortical spreading depression to trigeminovascular activation in migraine 267 Turgay Dalkara and Michael A. Moskowitz 16.1 CSD causes the visual aura 267 16.2 SD may underlie transient neurological dysfunctions preceding attacks 269 16.3 Does SD cause headache? 270 16.4 Human data supporting the parenchymal inflammatory signaling 274 16.
5 Meningeal neurogenic inflammation amplifies the parenchymal signal 275 16.6 Understanding human CSD and migraine without aura 276 16.7 Potential of CSD models to understand migraine and drug development 278 References 278 Part V Modeling and imaging in migraine 285 17 Mathematical modeling of human cortical spreading depression 287 Markus A. Dahlem 17.1 Introduction 287 17.2 Microscopic models: cellular and cytoarchitectonic detail 288 17.3 Computational models 291 17.4 Macroscopic models: large scale spatiotemporal phenomenology 292 References 301 18 Tools for high-resolution in vivo imaging of cellular and molecular mechanisms in cortical spreading depression and spreading depolarization 307 K;;v;;lc;;m K;;l;;ç, Hana Uhlirova, Peifang Tian, Payam A.
Saisan, Mohammad Abbas Yaseen, Jong.