List of Contributors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Companion Website xxi Section I General Considerations, Restraint, and Analgesia 1 1 General Surgical Considerations 3 Andrew J. Niehaus Determining Surgical Candidacy 3 Preoperative Procedures 3 Preparing the Surgical Site 8 Postoperative Care 8 References 13 2 Surgical Restraint 15 Andrew J. Niehaus General Considerations 15 Keep Animals Calm and Reduce Stress 15 Techniques That Divert the Animal''s Attention 16 Methods That Reduce Kicking 19 Methods for Raising a Leg in Cattle 19 Methods for Restraining the Tail in Cattle 20 Methods for Casting Cattle 23 Other Restraints 23 Mechanical Restraint 25 References 27 3 Local and Regional Anesthesia 29 Andrew J. Niehaus General Considerations for Local and Regional Anesthesia 29 Anesthesia for the Abdominal Flank in Cattle 30 Line Block 37 Anesthesia of the Distal Limb Via Vascular (IV) Infusion in Cattle (Bier Block) 38 Anesthesia of the Horn (Cornual Nerve Block) 39 Eye and Eyelid Anesthesia in Cattle 42 Teat Anesthesia in Cattle 48 Sacral and Subsacral Paravertebral Blocks 50 References 56 4 Epidural and Subarachnoid Anesthesia and Analgesia 59 Andrew J. Niehaus Relevant Anatomy 59 Administering Epidural Anesthesia 63 References 72 5 General Anesthesia and Sedation 75 Andrew J. Niehaus General Considerations 75 Venipuncture and IV Catheterization in Ruminants 76 Injectable Sedation and Anesthetic Drugs 81 General Anesthesia 86 Recovery 88 Regulatory Concerns in Food- Producing Animals 89 References 90 6 Perioperative Analgesia 91 Andrew J. Niehaus Pain Management in Surgical Patients 91 Commonly Used Analgesics 92 References 94 Section II Surgery of Head and Neck 97 7 Cornuectomy 99 Andrew J.T.

Muir Indications and General Considerations 99 Basic Cornuectomy in Cattle 99 Surgical Technique 100 Postoperative Care 100 Surgical Cornuectomy in Cattle 101 Cornuectomy in Goats 103 Equipment and Supplies Needed for Cornuectomy in Cattle and Goats (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 104 Reference 104 8 Sinus Surgery in Cattle 105 Andrew J.T. Muir Trephination of Sinuses in Cattle 105 Equipment and Supplies Needed for Sinus Surgery in Cattle (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 108 References 108 9 Dentistry 109 Andrew J.T. Muir General Considerations 109 Routine Dental Examination 109 Clinical Signs of Odontopathy 111 Oral Tooth Extraction Technique 111 Surgical Removal of Mandibular Cheek Teeth 112 Surgical Removal of Maxillary Cheek Teeth 112 Lumpy Jaw Debulking 113 Equipment and Supplies Needed for Dentation Procedures in Ruminants (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 113 References 113 10 Tracheotomy in Cattle 115 Andrew J.T. Muir Indications and General Considerations 115 Restraint 115 Presurgical Procedures 116 Anesthesia 116 Surgical Technique 116 Postoperative Care 117 Equipment and Supplies Needed for a Tracheotomy in Ruminants (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 117 11 Esophagotomy in Cattle 119 Andrew J.T.

Muir Indications and General Considerations 119 Anatomic Considerations 119 Restraint 119 Presurgical Procedures 119 Anesthesia 120 Surgical Technique 120 Postoperative Procedures 121 Equipment and Supplies Needed for Esophagotomy in Cattle (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 121 12 Surgery of the Eye and Adnexa 123 Joseph W. Lozier Introduction 123 Keratectomy 124 Enucleation 124 Eyelid Masses 127 Nictitans Masses 128 Entropion Correction 128 Temporary Tarsorrhaphy 129 Nictitating Membrane Flap 129 References 130 Section III Abdominal and GI Surgery 131 13 Surgery of the Umbilicus 133 Joseph W. Lozier Introduction 133 Umbilical Hernia 133 Treatment 134 Umbilical Infection 136 References 139 14 Laparotomy in Cattle 141 Brianna A. Jordan Abdominal Surgery with a Flank Approach in Cattle 141 Exploratory Laparotomy 145 15 Surgery of Rumen 147 Joseph W. Lozier Introduction 147 Rumenotomy 147 Rumenostomy 150 References 152 16 Pericardiotomy 153 Joseph W. Lozier Introduction 153 Procedure 153 17 Abomasal Surgery 155 Joseph W. Lozier Displaced Abomasum 155 Abomasotomy 162 References 163 18 Intestinal Surgery 165 Joseph W. Lozier Introduction 165 Clinical Signs of Surgical Intestinal Lesions in Cattle 165 Diagnostics 166 Differentials 166 Supplies 166 Surgical Methods 167 References 168 19 Rectal Prolapse and Repair 169 Joseph W.

Lozier Factors That Predispose to Rectal Prolapse 169 Types of Rectal Prolapse 169 Treatment 169 Section IV Female Reproductive and Urogenital Surgery 173 20 Ovariectomy 175 Brianna A. Jordan General Considerations 175 Indications 175 Surgical Approaches for cattle 175 Left Paralumbar Fossa Approach Ovariectomy in Cattle 177 Vaginal Approach Ovariectomy - Colpotomy in Cattle 178 Ovariectomy/Ovariohysterectomy in Miniature Pigs 180 References 183 21 Cesarean Section in Cows 185 Brianna A. Jordan Indications and Considerations 185 Restraint Positions and Related Abdominal Incision Sites 186 Left and Right Paralumbar Fossa Approach with Standing Restraint 188 Ventral Midline Approach in Dorsal Recumbency 190 Ventrolateral Approach in Lateral Recumbency 192 References 194 22 Episiotomy 195 Brianna A. Jordan Indications 195 General Considerations 195 Supplies 195 Anesthesia 195 Surgical Technique 195 23 Cesarean Section in Sheep and Goats 197 Brianna A. Jordan Indications 197 General Considerations 197 Patient Positioning and Abdominal Incision Sites 197 Standing Restraint for a Paralumbar Fossa Incision 198 Ventrolateral Recumbency for a Paralumbar Fossa Incision 200 Dorsal Recumbency for a Ventral Midline Incision 201 References 202 24 Cesarean Section in Sows 203 Brianna A. Jordan Indications 203 General Considerations 203 Restraint Positions and Related Abdominal Incision Sites 203 Presurgical Procedures 205 Anesthesia 205 Supplies 206 Surgical Procedures 206 Reference 209 25 Perineal Laceration Repair 211 Brianna A. Jordan General Considerations 211 Supplies 211 Presurgical Procedures for Both Second- and Third- Degree Laceration Repairs 211 Anesthesia 212 Surgical Technique for Second- Degree Laceration Repair 212 Surgical Technique for Third- Degree Laceration Repair 212 Postoperative Care of Second- and Third- Degree Perineal Lacerations 214 References 214 26 Repair of Vaginal Prolapse in Cows 215 Brianna A. Jordan General Considerations 215 Presurgical Procedures for All Methods 215 Anesthesia for All Methods 216 Supplies Needed for Vaginal Preparation 216 Buhner Suture 216 Modified Caslick''s Method 216 Modified Minchev Method (Vaginopexy) 218 Button and Pin 220 Cervicopexy and Vaginopexy 220 Reference 222 27 Teat and Udder Surgery 223 Andrew J.

Niehaus General Considerations 223 Basics Required for Successful Teat Surgery 223 Surgical Technique for Closure of Full- thickness Teat Defects 224 Procedures to Re- establish Milk Flow 229 Treatment of Leaky Teats 236 Teat Amputation 237 Amputation of the Udder or Portions of the Udder 239 References 245 28 Urethral Extension to Correct Urovagina 247 Brianna A. Jordan General Considerations 247 Supplies 247 Presurgical Procedures 247 Anesthesia 248 Surgical Technique 248 Postoperative Care 250 Reference 250 Section V Male Reproductive and Urogenital Surgery 251 29 Castration 253 Andrew J.T. Muir Castration 253 References 262 30 Surgery for Cryptorchidism, Ectopic Testicle, and Scirrhous Cord 263 Andrew J.T. Muir Cryptorchidism 263 Surgery for Ectopic Testicle in Bulls 265 Scirrhous Cord Removal 265 Equipment and Supplies Needed for Cryptorchid Castration 267 Reference 267 31 Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 269 Andrew J.T. Muir Inguinal Herniorrhaphy After Castration 269 Inguinal (Scrotal) Herniorrhaphy in Mature Bulls 270 Equipment and Supplies Needed Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 277