Chapter 1. Anatomical and physiological differences in the urinary system and some parts of canine and feline genitourinary system 1.1. General information 1.2. Kidney 1.3. Ureter 1.

4. Urinary bladder 1.5. Urethra 1.6. Prostate gland 1.7. Bulbourethral gland Chapter 2.

Urinary tract infection (UTIs) 2.1. General information 2.2. Canine urinary tract infection 2.2.1. Epidemiology 2.

2.2. Etiopathogenesis 2.2.2.1. Etiopathogenesis of canine bacterial UTIs 2.2.

2.2. Etiopathogenesis of canine fungal UTIs 2.2.2.3. Etiopathogenesis of canine viral UTIs 2.2.

3. Diagnosis 2.2.3.1. Diagnosis of canine bacterial UTIs 2.2.3.

2. Diagnosis of canine fungal UTIs 2.2.3.3. Diagnosis of canine viral UTIs 2.2.4.

Treatment 2.2.4.1. Treatment of canine bacterial UTIs 2.2.4.1.

1. Treatment of canine Uncomplicated UTIs 2.2.4.1.2. Treatment of canine omplicated UTIs 2.2.

4.1.3. Treatment of canine Upper UTIs (Pyelonephritis) 2.2.4.1.4.

Treatment of canine UTIs with multidrug-resistant pathogens 2.2.4.2. Treatment of canine fungal UTIs 2.2.4.3.

Treatment of canine viral UTIs 2.3. Feline urinary tract infection 2.3.1. Epidemiology 2.3.2.

Etiopathogenesis 2.3.2.2. Etiopathogenesis of feline bacterial UTIs 2.3.2.3.

Etiopathogenesis of feline fungal UTIs 2.3.2.4. Etiopathogenesis of feline viral UTIs 2.3.3. Diagnosis 2.

3.3.1. Diagnosis of feline bacterial UTIs 2.3.3.2. Diagnosis of feline fungal UTIs 2.

3.3.3. Diagnosis of feline viral UTIs 2.3.4. Treatment 2.3.

4.1. Treatment of feline bacterial UTIs 2.3.4.2. Treatment of fungal feline UTIs 2.3.

4.2. Treatment of fungal feline UTIs Chapter 3. Cystitis 3.1. General information 3.2. auses of bladder inflammation 3.

2.1. Microorganisms 3.2.2. Bladder trauma 3.2.3.

Immune disorders 3.2.4. Stress 3.2.5. Ionizing radiation 3.2.

6. Medicines 3.2.6.1. Cyclophosphamide 3.2.6.

2. Ketamine 3.2.6.3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) 3.3. Canine cystitis 3.

3.1. Epidemiology 3.3.2. Etiology of infectious canine cystitis 3.3.3.

Pathogenesis of canine infectious cystitis 3.3.4. Common Types of Canine Cystitis 3.3.4.1. Polypoid cystitis (PoC) 3.

3.4.2. Canine Eosinophilic cystitis 3.3.4.3. Canine Hemorrhagic cystitis 3.

3.4.4. Canine Emphysematous Cystitis (EC) 3.3.4.5. Canine ossifying cystitis 3.

3.4.6. Canine follicular cystitis 3.3.4.6. Canine pseudomembranous cystitis 3.

3.5. Diagnosis 3.3.6. Treatment 3.4. Feline cystitis 3.

4.1. Epidemiology of feline cystitis 3.4.2. Etiology, pathogenesis and Common Types of feline cystitis 3.4.2.

1. Microorganisms 3.4.2.2. Glandular cystitis (CG) 3.4.2.

3. Bladder trauma 3.4.2.4. Feline Pseudomembranous Cystitis (PC) 3.4.2.

5. Feline Idiopathic (Interstitial) Cystitis (FIC) 3.4.2.5.1. Epidemiology 3.4.

2.5.2. Risk Factors 3.4.2.5.3.

Etiological factors 3.4.2.5.4. Pathogenesis 3.4.2.

5.5. Clinical signs 3.4.2.5.6. Diagnosis 3.

4.2.5.7. Treatment Chapter 4. Urolithiasis 4.1. General information 4.

2. General etiology of urolithiasis 4.3. Modern theories of urolith formation 4.4. The main types of crystalline elements of urine sediment 4.5. Some types of uroliths in dogs and cats and their morphology 4.

6. Canine urolithiasis 4.6.1. Epidemiology 4.6.1.1.

Epidemiology of canine struvite urolithiasis 4.6.1.2. Epidemiology of canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis 4.6.1.3.

Epidemiology of canine calcium phosphate urolithiasis 4.6.1.4. Epidemiology of canine carbonate-apatite uroliths 4.6.1.5.

Epidemiology of canine brushite uroliths 4.6.1.6. Epidemiology of canine urate urolithiasis 4.6.1.7.

Epidemiology of canine cystine urolithiasis 4.6.1.8. Epidemiology of canine xanthine urolithiasis 4.6.1.9.

Epidemiology of canine silicate urolithiasis 4.6.1.10. Epidemiology of canine drug-induced urolithiasis 4.6.1.11.

Epidemiology of canine mixed and compaund uroliths 4.6.2. Etiology and pathogenesis 4.6.2.1. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine struvite urolithiasis 4.

6.2.2. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine oxalate urolithiasis 4.6.2.3. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine calcium phosphate urolithiasis 4.

6.2.4. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine urate urolithiasis 4.6.2.5. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine cystine urolithiasis 4.

6.2.6. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine xanthine urolithiasis 4.6.2.7. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine silicate urolithiasis 4.

6.2.8. Etiology and pathogenesis of canine drug-induced urolithiasis 4.6.3. Clinical signs 4.6.

3.1. Obstructive urolithiasis 4.6.3.2. Non-obstructive urolithiasis 4.6.

4. Diagnosis: main principles and methods 4.6.4.1. Diagnosis of canine struvite urolithiasis 4.6.4.

2. Diagnosis of canine oxalate urolithiasis 4.6.4.3. Diagnosis of canine calcium phosphate 4.6.4.

4. Diagnosis of canine urate urolithiasis 4.6.4.5. Diagnosis of canine cystine urolithiasis 4.6.4.

6. Diagnosis of canine xanthine urolithiasis 4.6.4.7. Diagnosis of canine silicate urolithiasis 4.6.4.

8. Diagnosis of canine drug-induced urolithiasis 4.6.5. Treatment of canine urolithiasis 4.6.5.1.

Non-surgery treatment of canine urolithiasis 4.6.5.1.1. Medicine treatment for canine ureteral obstruction 4.6.5.

1.2. Urohydropropulsion 4.6.5.1.3. Retrograde urohydropropulsion 4.

6.5.1.4. Percutaneous cystostomy 4.6.5.1.

5. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) 4.6.5.1.6. Cystoscopy for removal of canine uroliths 4.6.

5.1.7. Laser lithotripsy for treatment of canine uroliths 4.6.5.1.8.

Non-surgery treatment of canine struvite urolithiasis 4.6.5.1.9. Non-surgery treatment of canine oxalate urolithiasis 4.6.5.

1.10. Non-surgery treatment of canine phosphorus-calcium urolithiasis urolithiasis 4.6.5.1.11. Non-surgery treatment of canine urate urolithiasis 4.

6.5.1.12. Non-surgery treatment of canine cystine urolithiasis 4.6.5.1.

13. Non-surgery treatment of canine xanthine urolithiasis 4.6.5.1.14. Non-surgery treatment of canine silicate urolithiasis 4.6.

5.1.15. Non-surgery treatment of canine drug-induced urolithiasis 4.6.5.2. Surgical Management of canine urolithiasis 4.

6.5.2.1. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. Endoscopic nephrolithotomy (PCNL, ENL) 4.6.5.

2.2. Nephrotomy and pyelotomy 4.6.5.2.3. Surgical Treatments for Canine ureteral obstruction 4.

6.5.2.3.1. Ureterotomy in dogs for ureteral obstruction 4.6.5.

2.3.2. Ureteral stenting in dogs 4.6.5.2.3.

3. Cystotomy 4.6.5.2.3.3.1.

Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy (LAC) 4.6.5.2.3.3.2. Open cystotomy (OC) 4.

6.5.2.3.4. Urethrotomy and urethrostomy in dogs 4.6.5.

2.3.4.1. Urethrotomy in dogs 4.6.5.2.

3.4.2. Urethrostomy in dogs 4.6.6. Prevention of canine urolithiasis 4.6.

6.1. Prevention of canine struvite urolithiasis 4.6.6.2. Prevention of canine oxalate urolithiasis 4.6.

6.3. Prevention of canine calcium phosphate urolithiasis 4.6.6.4. Prevention of canine urate urolithiasis 4.6.

6.5. Prevention of canine cystine urolithiasis 4.6.6.5. Prevention of canine cystine urolithiasis 4.6.

6.6. Prevention of canine xanthine urolithiasis 4.6.6.7. Prevention of canine silicate urolithiasis 4.7.

Feline urolithiasis 4.7.1. Epidemiology 4.7.1.1. Epidemiology of feline urolithiasis in the Russian Federation 4.

7.1.2. Epidemiology of feline urethral plugs (UP) 4.7.1.3. Epidemiology of feline struvite urolithiasis 4.

7.1.4. Epidemiology of feline oxalate urolithiasis 4.7.1.5. Epidemiology of feline calcium phosphate urolithiasis 4.

7.1.6. Epidemiology of feline urate urolithiasis 4.7.1.7. Epidemiology of feline cystine urolithiasis 4.

7.1.8. Epidemiology of feline xanthine urolithiasis 4.7.2. Etiology and pathogenesis 4.7.

2.1. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline urethral plugs 4.7.2.2. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline struvite urolithiasis 4.7.

2.3. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline oxalate urolithiasis 4.7.2.4. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline calcium phosphate urolithiasis 4.7.

2.5. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline urate urolithiasis 4.7.2.6. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline cystine urolithiasis 4.7.

2.7. Etiology and pathogenesis of feline xanthine urolithiasis 4.7.3. Clinical signs 4.7.4.

Diagnosis: main principles and methods 4.7.4.1. Physical examination 4.7.4.2.

Urinalysis 4.7.4.2.1. Microbiological analysis of urine 4.7.4.

3. Blood tests 4.7.4.4. Diagnostic imaging 4.7.4.

4.1. Plain radiography 4.7.4.4.2. Contrast radiography 4.

7.4.4.3. Ultrasound diagnostic of the feline urolithiasis 4.7.4.4.

4. Computed tomography (CT). 4.7.4.4.5. Chemical analysis of uroliths.

4.7.4.5. Diagnosis of feline urethral plugs 4.7.4.6.

Diagnosis of feline struvite urolithiasis 4.7.4.7. Diagnosis of feline oxalate urolithiasis 4.7.4.8.

Diagnosis of feline calcium phosphate urolithiasis 4.7.4.9. Diagnosis of feline urate urolithiasis 4.7.4.10.

Diagnosis of feline cystine urolithiasis 4.7.4.11. Diagnosis of f.