A Note to Students A Note to Instructors Acknowledgments Part I: Research and Writing, by Joseph Bizup and William T. FitzGerald Overview of Part I 1. What Research Is and How Researchers Think About It 1.1. What Research Is 1.2. How Researchers Think About Their Aims 1.3.
Conversing with Your Readers 2. Defining a Project 2.1. Starting from a Topic 2.2. Defining Your Research Question 2.3. Understanding Research Problems 2.
4. Mapping Out Your Project 3. Finding Useful Sources 3.1. Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses 3.2. Planning Your Library Search 3.3.
Finding Specific Sources 3.4. Locating Sources on the Public Internet 3.5. Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability 3.6. Looking Beyond the Usual Kinds of References 3.7.
Recording Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately 3.8. Engaging People to Further Your Research 3.9. Using Generative AI for Research 4. Engaging Your Sources 4.1. Reading Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage 4.
2. Taking Notes Purposefully 4.3. Annotating Sources for Your Future Use 4.4. Managing Doubts About Your Project 5. Constructing Your Argument 5.1.
What a Research Argument Is and Is Not 5.2. Building Your Argument Around Answers to Readers'' Questions 5.3. Stating and Evaluating Your Claim 5.4. Supporting Your Claim with Reasons and Evidence 5.5.
Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections 5.6. Establishing the Relevance of Your Reasons with Warrants 5.7. Assessing Your Progress 6. Planning a First Draft 6.1. Using a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work 6.
2. Avoiding Three Common but Ineffective Patterns 6.3. Planning for Your Readers'' Needs 6.4. Filing Away Leftovers 6.5. Joining a Writing Group 7.
Drafting Your Paper 7.1. Developing Effective Writing Habits 7.2. Using Key Terms and Headings to Stay on Track 7.3. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Sources 7.4.
Creating a Fair Summary 7.5. Creating a Fair Paraphrase 7.6. Using Direct Quotations 7.7. Mixing Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation 7.8.
Using Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously 7.9. Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant 7.10. Remaining Open to Surprises 7.11. Seeking Assistance: Some Advice and a Caveat 7.12.
Managing Anxiety as a Writer 8. Communicating Graphically 8.1. Types of Graphics 8.2. Principles for Presenting Information Graphically 8.3. Examples of Effective Graphics 9.
Revising Your Draft 9.1. Checking Your Frame 9.2. Revising Your Argument 9.3. Revising Your Organization 9.4.
Revising Your Paragraphs 9.5. Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism 9.6. Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Revisiting It 10. Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion 10.1. Drafting Your Final Introduction 10.
2. Drafting Your Final Conclusion 10.3. Writing Your Title Last 11. Revising for Style 11.1. Writing Clear Sentences 11.2.
Adopting the Right Register 11.3. Using Inclusive Language 11.4. Editing and Proofreading 11.5. Using Generative AI for Writing 11.6.
Finishing 12. Learning from Feedback on Your Paper 12.1. Two Kinds of Feedback: Advice and Data 12.2. Interpreting Your Feedback 12.3. Talking with Your Readers 12.
4. Using Generative AI for Feedback 13. Presenting Research in Alternative Forums 13.1. Presenting to Auditors 13.2. Planning Your Oral Presentation 13.3.
Planning Your Poster Presentation 13.4. Planning Your Conference Proposal 14. On the Spirit of Research Part II: Source Citation Overview of Part II 15. General Introduction to Citation Practices 15.1. What Is a Source Citation? 15.2.
Reasons for Citing Your Sources 15.3. The Requirements of Citation 15.4. Two Citation Styles 15.5. Electronic Sources 15.6.
Preparation of Citations 15.7. Citation Management Tools 16. Notes-Bibliography Style: The Basic Form 16.1. Basic Patterns 16.2. Bibliographies 16.
3. Notes 16.4. Short Forms for Notes 17. Notes-Bibliography Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources 17.1. Books 17.2.
Journal Articles 17.3. Magazine Articles 17.4. Newspaper Articles 17.5. Websites, Blogs, and Social Media 17.6.
Interviews and Personal Communications 17.7. Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections 17.8. Older Works and Sacred Works 17.9. Reference Works and Secondary Citations 17.10.
Visual and Performing Arts and Multimedia 17.11. Public Documents 17.12. Datasets and AI 18. Author-Date Style: The Basic Form 18.1. Basic Patterns 18.
2. Reference Lists 18.3. Parenthetical Citations 19. Author-Date Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources 19.1. Books 19.2.
Journal Articles 19.3. Magazine Articles 19.4. Newspaper Articles 19.5. Websites, Blogs, and Social Media 19.6.
Interviews and Personal Communications 19.7. Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections 19.8. Older Works and Sacred Works 19.9. Reference Works and Secondary Citations 19.10.
Visual and Performing Arts and Multimedia 19.11. Public Documents 19.12. Datasets and AI Part III: Style Overview of Part III 20. Spelling 20.1. Plurals 20.
2. Possessives 20.3. Compounds and Words Formed with Prefixes 20.4. Line Breaks and Hyphenation 21. Punctuation 21.1.
Periods 21.2. Commas 21.3. Semicolons 21.4. Colons 21.5.
Question Marks 21.6. Exclamation Points 21.7. Hyphens and Dashes 21.8. Parentheses and Brackets 21.9.
Slashes 21.10. Quotation Marks 21.11. Apostrophes 21.12. Multiple Punctuation Marks 22. Names, Special Terms, and Titles of Works 22.
1. Names 22.2. Special Terms 22.3. Titles of Works 23. Numbers 23.1.
Words or Numerals? 23.2. Plurals and Punctuation 23.3. Date Systems 23.4. Numbers Used Outside the Text 24. Abbreviations 24.
1. General Principles 24.2. Names and Titles 24.3. Geographical Terms 24.4. Time and Dates 24.
5. Units of Measure 24.6. The Bible and Other Sacred Works 24.7. Abbreviations in Citations and Other Scholarly Contexts 25. Quotations 25.1.
Quoting Accurately and Avoiding Plagiarism 25.2. Incorporating Quotations into Your Text 25.3. Modifying Quotations Appendix: Paper Submission and Format A.1. File Preparation and Submission Requirements A.2.
General Format Requirements A.3. Format Requirements for Specific Components A Brief Guide to Bibliographic and Other Resources Index.