List of tables List of figures List of rules Preface Acknowledgements Treatment of examples Abbreviations for sources of examples Abbreviations in grammatical glosses Treatment of examples 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Previous research 1.3 The Assiniboine Language Levin (1964) 1.4 Sources of data 1.5 Typological sketch 1.6 Analytic framework 1.7 Plains Sign Talk as integral to Nakoda Language 1.

8 Organization of the grammar 2 Phonology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phoneme inventory 2.3 Intervocalic voicing 2.4 Stress 2.5 Vowel length 2.6 Phoneme descriptions 2.6.

1 Obstruents 2.6.1.1 Stops and affricates 2.6.1.2 Fricatives 2.6.

2 Sonorants 2.6.2.1 Nasals 2.6.2.2 Glottal stop 2.6.

2.3 Glides 2.6.3 Vowels 2.6.3.1 Oral vowels 2.6.

3.2 Nasal vowels 2.7 Syllable structure 2.7.1 Syllable canon 2.7.2 Syllabification of CVC roots 2.8 Phonotactics 2.

8.1 kc, pc 2.8.1.1 kc 2.8.1.2 pc 2.

8.2 sc, sc 2.8.3 kw 2.8.4 tk 2.8.5 sw 2.

8.6 km, kn, mn 2.9. Phonetic effects in monosyllabic clusters 2.10 Sound symbolism 2.11 Metathesis 2.12 Ablaut 2.13 Vocalic nasalization 2.

14 Vowel hiatus 2.14.1 Glide or glottal epenthesis 2.14.2 Vowel coalescence 2.14.3 Vowel deletion 2.15 Morphophonemic processes 2.

15.1 Boundaries 2.15.2 Dakota Accent Rule (dar) 2.15.3 Compound Accent Rule (car) 2.15.4 Lexical stress 2.

15.5 Rhythmic Stress Patterning (rsp) 2.15.5.1 Word level rsp 2.15.5.2 rsp1 and modality particles 2.

15.5.3 Phrase level rsp 2.16 Other morphophonological processes 2.16.1 Degemination 2.16.2 Triconsonantal simplification 2.

16.3 Fricative devoicing 2.16.4 Coda nasalization 2.16.5 Velar palatalization (vel palat) 2.16.5.

1 Velar palatalization and active/stative verb stems 2.16.5.1.1 Instrumental prefix ka ''by a blow; by external pressure 2.16.5.1.

2 kí ''mutual contact, effect'' 2.16.5.1.3 Kinship suffix- ku (3rd person possessive) 2.16.5.1.

4 Suffix- ka ''rather, kind of'' 2.16.5.1.5 Enclitic ken neg 2.16.5.2 Adverbs and velar palatalization 2.

16.5.3 Coronal dissimilation 2.17 Phrase-level phonology 2.17.1 Vowel devoicing 2.17.2 Vowel syncope 3 Nouns and Pronouns 3.

1 Introduction 3.2 Inherent nouns 3.2.1 Nominal roots 3.2.1.1 CV roots 3.2.

1.2 Truncated roots 3.2.1.3 CVC roots 3.2.1.4 Multisyllabic roots with final- e 3.

3 Noun derivation 3.3.1 Prefixation 3.3.1.1 Locative prefixes 3.3.1.

2 Indefinite wa- 3.3.2 Ablaut 3.3.3 Nominalizing enclitics 3.3.3.1- sA (hab) 3.

3.3.2- pi (nom) 3.3.3.3- na (nom) 3.3.3.

4 Combination of locatives and enclitic 3.3.3.5 Combinations of enclitics 3.3.4 Suffixes 3.3.4.

1 Specificity 3.3.4.1.1- c specific (spc) 3.3.4.1.

2- specific (spc) 3.3.4.1.3- tu ''at a particular point (time or place) 3.3.4.1.

4 Suffix- ka (nom) 3.3.4.1.5 Suffix- s ''ameliorating; delimiting'' (delim) 3.3.5 Compound nouns 3.3.

6. Loanwords and coining 3.4 Pluralization 3.5 Noun modification 3.5.1 Possession 3.5.1.

1 Possessive pronominal prefixes 3.5.1.2 Possession of objects in nature 3.5.1.3 Body parts 3.5.

1.4 Possession by means of stative verbs 3.5.1.5 Possession by means of context only 3.5.1.6 Reflexive possession (suus) 3.

5.2 Noun modification other than possession 3.6 Independent pronouns 3.6.1 Independent personal pronouns 3.6.1.1 The ís paradigm 3.

6.1.2 Th iyé paradigm 3.6.2 Demonstrative pronouns 3.6.3 Indefinite pronouns 3.6.

4 Pronoun modifier -k e emphasis (emph) 3.7 Naming 3.7.1 ''horse'' 3.7.2 Proper names in- na 4. Kinship 4.1.

Kinship system 4.2. Morphology of kinship terms 4.2.1. mi- ''my'' 4.2.2.

ni -''your'' 4.2.3.- (t)ku ''his/her'' 4.2.4.- na 4.2.

5.- si 4.2.6.- ka 4.2.7.- ya 4.

2.8. Unexplained morphemes 4.3. Respect/avoidance speech 4.4. "Relative of a relative" 5. Adverbs 5.

1. Introduction 5.2. Morphology of adverbs 5.2.1. Basic adverbs 5.2.

2. Demonstrative adverbs 5.2.3. Interrogative adverbs 5.2.4. Logical connectives 5.

3. Derived Adverbs 5.2.1. Prefixation 5.2.1.1 Adverbial í 5.

2.1.2. Locative prefixes 5.3.2. Suffixation 5.3.

2.1. Suffix descriptions 5.3.2.1.1.- ceha ''ago; in the past'' 5.

3.2.1.2.- eyasa ''throughout'' 5.3.2.1.

3.- ha ''at a particular time'' 5.3.2.1.4.- huní ''completed action'' 5.3.

2.1.5.- intensity, augmentation; specificity 5.3.2.1.6.

- ka ''rather, somewhat'' 5.3.2.1.7.- ken ''in the manner of'' 5.3.2.

1.8.- kiya ~ kiya ''in that direction, towards'' 5.3.2.1.9.- ketu ''be thus'' 5.

3.2.1.10.- ki ''in a general location'' 5.3.2.1.

11.- kiya ''in a general direction'' 5.3.2.1.12.- m,-n 5.3.

2.1.13.- na,-yena 5.3.2.1.14.

- pataha ''moving from'' 5.3.2.1.15. Adversative- s 5.3.2.

1.16.- ste ''in the manner of; like unto'' 5.3.2.1.17.- taha ''from that point on; after that'' 5.

3.2.1.18.- tu ''at a particular point (time or place) 5.3.2.1.

19.- ya ''in that manner'' 5.3.2.1.20.- yaken ''in the manner of'' 5.3.

2.1.21. Ablaut 5.3.2.2. Suffix combinations 5.

3.3. Reduplication 5.3.4. Noun-adverb compounds 5.4. Semantic distinctions in words for ''now'' and ''when'' 5.

4.1. nakáha vs. waná 5.4.2. sten vs. háta ''when 5.

5. Adverbial phrases 5.6. Clause modifiers 6. Verbs 6.1. Introduction 6.2.

Canonical structure of verbs 6.3. Verb roots 6.3.1. Monosyllabic roots 6.3.2.

Multisyllabic roots 6.3.3. CVC roots 6.4. Inflection 6.4.1.

Pronominal affixes 6.4.2. Animacy and number 6.5. Active verbs 6.5.1.

Regular active verbs 6.5.2. Y-stem active verbs 6.5.3. Verbs with singular pronominals m- and n- 6.5.

3.1. Nasal active verbs 6.5.3.2. Reflexive verbs in ici 6.5.

4. Irregular active verbs of speaking 6.5.4.1. eyÁ, zeyÁ 6.5.4.

2. Reportative verb káyA (rprt) 6.6. Stative verbs 6.6.1. Irregular verb táwa ''be one''s; be the owner of'' 6.6.

2. Generic verbs éca, néca, zéca 6.7. Impersonal verbs 6.8. Number agreement 6.8.1.

Animate participants 6.8.1.1 Animate subjects 6.8.1.2. Animate objects 6.

8.1.3. Ambiguity in animate plural forms 6.8.2. Inanimate participants 6.8.

2.1. Inanimate subjects 6.8.2.2. Inanimate objects 6.8.

3. Placement of pronominal affixes 6.8.3.1. Pattern 1: prefixed 6.8.3.

2. Pattern 2: infixed 6.8.3.3. Pattern 3: mixed 6.8.4.

Multiple inflection of subject pronominals in y-stem verbs 6.8.5. Order of subject and object pronominal affixes 6.9. Prefixes 6.9.1.

Locative prefixes 6.9.2. Instrumental prefixes 6.9.2.1. Instrumental prefix yu- and adverbs 6.

9.2.2. Instrumental prefixes compared to those in Lakota 6.9.3. Other prefixes 6.9.

3.1. wa- ''things, indefinite objects 6.9.3.2. Vertitive ki ''back, as to an origi.