List of Plates/Figures/Maps x Preface and Acknowledgements xi CHAPTER 1 The Approach to English 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Approach to English 5 1.3 Linguistic Method 7 1.4 Genetic Classification 8 1.5 The Speakers of English 10 1.6 Phonology 11 1.7 Morphology 18 1.
8 Syntax 26 1.9 Semantics 30 1.10 Pragmatics and Discourse 33 1.11 Prescriptive and Descriptive Approaches 34 1.12 Diachronic and Synchronic Approaches 35 1.13 From Philological to Generative Approaches - Philological/Neogrammarian Approach - The Comparative Method 36 1.14 The Chomskyan Revolution 38 1.15 ''John Is Easy to Please'' - Reception of the Chomskyan Approach 39 1.
16 Cognitive Approaches 41 1.17 The Sociolinguistic Approach 42 1.18 Linguistic Variation: Languages and Dialects, Pidgins, and Creoles 45 CHAPTER 2 Before English: Indo-European and Proto-Germanic 55 2.1 Sir William Jones and the ''Discovery'' of Sanskrit 55 2.2 Indogermanisch: The Comparative Method and Internal Reconstruction 58 2.3 English as a ''Germanic'' Language 61 2.4 The Indo-European Languages 70 2.5 Urheimat: Proto-Indo-European Language and Culture 80 2.
6 From West Germanic to Early Old English 82 CHAPTER 3 Britannia 88 3.1 Before ''England'' 95 3.2 Pretannia: Before 449 104 3.3 Furthest Britain 108 3.4 Romanitas 110 3.5 Downfall: Sub-Roman Britain 118 3.6 ''The People of Roman Britain'' 122 3.7 ''Among Dead Kings and Forgotten Gods'' 134 3.
8 Sons of Woden 138 3.9 Retrospect 142 CHAPTER 4 Adventus Saxonum: The Coming of the Saxons - Engla-lond 157 4.1 The ''Fall of Britain'' - The Saxon Shore - The Withdrawal of the Legions - Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (and Franks, Frisians, Flemings?) 157 4.2 The Sounds of Old English 163 4.3 Wordhord: Old English Morphology and Word-Formation 173 4.4 The Fate of British Latin - Celtic Languages in Saxon Britain - Celtic Loans to Old English - The Celtic Question: Early Contact Situations 198 4.5 The Gods of the Days of the Week: Pre-Christian England 201 4.6 The Earliest Attestations of English - Runic - Anglo-Latin 213 4.
7 The Beginnings of English Dialectology: Long-Range Patterns for the History of the Language 221 4.8 AD 793 - Contact Situation: The Viking Age 229 4.9 The Making of England? Wessex and West Saxon 234 4.10 Late Old English, the Eve of 1066: Saxon, Viking, Norman 239 CHAPTER 5 Conquest, and After 261 5.1 When Does Middle English Begin? 268 5.2 Norman French; Anglo-French, Anglo-Norman 272 5.3 Societal Change, Linguistic Contact: A New Insular Order 277 5.4 The Transitional Twelfth Century 281 5.
5 The Beginnings of French Loans to English (1100-1400) 292 5.6 Early Middle English Literature 294 5.7 The Creole Hypothesis; Language Contact or Displacement? 298 5.8 A Panoply of Tongues: The Emerging Complexity of the Dialectal Picture 300 5.9 The Dialect Picture from 1300 306 5.10 Chaucer and the English Language 310 CHAPTER 6 Early Modern 327 6.1 Formes of Speche 327 6.2 Power of the Press 335 6.
3 The Renaissance Comes to England - New Latin and New Learning 337 6.4 English and Scots 346 6.5 An English Church: The Bible in English to 1611 349 6.6 The English Stage - Shakespeare and the English Language 356 CHAPTER 7 In the New World 369 7.1 A Newe Discoverie: The Beginnings of North American Englishes 369 7.2 Providence: Puritans and Pilgrims 383 7.3 New England, LA Nouvelle-France: English, French, Mohawk, Huron - Contact Situations 391 7.4 The Plains of Abraham (1759): English and French in Canada 399 CHAPTER 8 Imperium 409 8.
1 A ''Modern'' English 409 8.2 The Great War 418 8.3 Commonwealth and Decolonization: ''So-Called Éire,'' Celtic Revivals (Irish - Scots Gaelic - Welsh - Manx - Cornish - Cumbric) 428 8.4 An ''Inner Circle'' or ''Inner Circles''? 434 8.5 Convergence and Divergence: Modern Dialectology, Methods and Resources 442 CHAPTER 9 An American Century 462 9.1 Huck and Jim 466 9.2 American Voices 470 9.3 Big Cities of the East 488 9.
4 The Melting Pot - Perceptual Dialectology - Suburbanization 498 9.5 Dialectal Diversity in American English and the Study of African American English 505 CHAPTER 10 A Postcolonial Era 1: Asia and the Pacific, the Antipodes 525 10.1 Pidgins and Creoles, Atlantic and Pacific Varieties 528 10.1.1 Africa 533 10.2 Mother Country: Asian-Pacific Varieties of English 535 10.3 Australia 537 10.4 New Zealand 548 10.
5 South Africa 553 10.6 Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Madagascar 559 10.7 Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia 560 10.8 South Asian Englishes 564 CHAPTER 11 A Postcolonial Era 2: The Caribbean, Africa, the Middles East, Caucasus, Central Asia, Latin America 574 11.1 Caribbean Varieties of English 574 11.2 African Englishes in the 21st Century; French and English in West Africa 579 11.3 The Middle East, Caucasus, and Central Asia 592 11.4 Latin America 596 11.
5 Variety and Identity 598 CHAPTER 12 A World of Englishes 623 12.1 English Worldwide or World Englishes? 625 12.2 New British Varieties 627 12.3 The Business of English: English as a Second Language 629 12.4 New Crises, New Words 631 12.5 A Digital Age: The Internet and English 642 12.6 The Medium Is the Message: 21st-Century Media 650 12.7 En Contacto 655 12.
8 The Queen''s English/The King''s English 659 References 665 Abbreviations 668 Glossary 673 Index 684.