Russian Subject, Muslim Monarch focuses on how, within the emirate of Bukhara, sovereignty was shaped as much by paperwork and quotidian entanglements as by conquest and diplomacy. By uncovering the paper trail generated by the complex correspondence between Bukhara and Russia, James Pickett reveals figures and voices often missing from other sources. Unlike sanitized court chronicles, the Bukharan chancery records preserve experiences of women navigating patriarchal legal systems, religious minorities seeking state protection, and ordinary subjects petitioning for justice. Pickett provides an unprecedented window into semicolonialism's lived experience, even as many informal systems remained operative during revolution and civil war, after the Russian Empire had ceased to exist. The emirate of Bukhara represented the apogee of Perso-Islamic society and government at its twilight and as an edge case of colonialism, equally revealing of both phenomena. Bukhara distinguished itself within the Russian Empire through steadfast loyalty, fitting seamlessly into imperial structures bearing many parallels to those already embedded in Central Asia. Russian Subject, Muslim Monarch makes this unique paper trail speak to larger questions about the nature of power and the modern state.