Illustrations Foreword Introduction Chapter 1. "A State of General Dissatisfaction": Treaties to the 1880s Treaties 1 and 2, 1871 Indigenous Peoples'' Understandings and Recordings of the Stone Fort Treaty and the So-Called "Outside" Promises Treaty 4, 1874 Treaty 5, 1875 Farm-Making Costs Slow Surveys of Reserves and Early Contests with Settlers over Lands and Resources The Roseau River/Pembina Peoples of Treaty 1 The Indian Act of 1876, Predecessors, and Voting Rights The Dakota The Maladministration of the Indian Branch and the J.A.N. Provencher Scandal Smallpox and the New Spatial and Colonial Order Removing Property Rights, Indigenous Farms, and Settlements off Reserves "Indians" and Homestead Lands Agriculture in Manitoba in the 1870s Farm Instructors and Model Farms . not for Manitoba The Myth of No Agriculture before the Settlers Chapter 2. Challenges, Obstacles, and a Few Advances with Continuing Contests over Land: 1880s-96 Claims to Land: Roseau Rapids, Kaquaygooniash versus Ben Brewster Environmental Conditions Shared with Settlers and Those Unique to First Nations Rations Off-Reserve Labour DIA Policy on "Peasant" Farming in Manitoba First Nations Reserves and Agriculture The Permit System The Sioux Valley and the Permit System Homesteading and First Nations, the Indian Act, and Enfranchisement Agriculture in Manitoba to 1896 Chapter 3. Reserve Land Dispossession, Farming Challenges and Setbacks, and "Rudimentary" Agricultural Training at Residential Schools, 1896-1918 The Failure of the 1898 Plan to Remove and Consolidate Some First Nations in Manitoba The Gambler First Nation (Silver Creek) Surrenders, 1892 and 1898 The Roseau River Surrender, 1903 The St.

Peter''s Surrender, 1907 The Swan Lake First Nation Reserve Surrender, 1908 Other Land Surrender Schemes Opaskwayak, Pinaymootang, and Brokenhead First Nations Pressure on the Long Plain Band to Surrender Pressure on the Dakota to Surrender Land The Use of Capital and Interest Funds of Bands The Roseau River Band Funds Contradictory Messages about Reserve Agriculture Roseau River and Roseau Rapids Off-Reserve Wage Labour/Income and Resources Instruction in Farming at Industrial and Residential Schools Elkhorn/Washakada Private Property on Reserves The First World War Soldier Settlement First Nation Veterans of World War I Flint Corn The "Spanish" Influenza Chapter 4. "A Very Bad State" to "a Desolate Waste" to the Community Farm Experiment, Restrictions of Wartime Regulations, and the Return to Subsistence Farming: 1920-45 Reserve Farming in the 1920s Supposedly Flourishing Farmers of the DIA On the Ground behind the Headlines The League of Indians of Canada Indian Act Amendments Continued Pressures to Surrender Land and/or Amalgamate First Nations Natural Resources Transfer Agreements, 1930 "A Spectacle of Desolate Waste": The 1930s DIA Reorganization Thomas Robertson''s Reports on Conditions of First Nations, 1936 Indian Agents as Settler Debt Collectors and Inspectors Peguis Families Return to St. Peter''s, 1932-33 Northern Communities in the 1930s Community Farms The Second World War, Wheat Reduction, and Closure of Community and Agency Farms Muskrat Farming Conference on the North American Indian Today, 1939 Abolition of Agency Farms The Second World War, Labour, and Enlistment Women and Land: The Case of Caroline Prince Sinclair, St. Peter''s Debate on Voting Rights Agriculture in Manitoba at the End of the Second World War Reserve Eradication: A New Policy? Chapter 5. "Finally I Decided to Give Up the Farming Business and Start Working for Other People": 1945-60 Indian Agents'' Views Solicited, 1946 The Last Community Farms The Veterans'' Land Act Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, 1946-48 A Woman''s Perspective: Grace Nanowin Franklin Recommendations of the Joint Committee The Permit System Indian Act Amendments, 1951 Critics of the Indian Affairs Branch Continued Settler Pressure to Sell or Lease Lands Band Farms Other Occupations Sugar Beet Work Manomin The Jean H. Lagasse Report Seneca Root Indian Homemakers Clubs Social Assistance "Designed for Failure": Elders'' Words Chapter 6. Favouring a Few: From Cooperative to Corporate Farms and the "Consultant Binge": 1960s Dismal Prospects for Reserve Economies Assisting and Expanding First Nations Agriculture Media Attention and Criticism Hopeful and Helpful Developments of the 1960s Agricultural Conferences Provincial Agricultural Representatives and Reserve Farming The Community Development Program Canada-Manitoba Agreements in the Interlake Region Off-Reserve Farming and Leasing The Farm Credit Corporation Dairy and Beef Cattle and the Rotating Herd System Veterinary Visits and the PFRA Cooperative Farming Corporate Farming The Farm Potential of Two Saskatchewan First Nations Communities The Corporate Farm Model and "Consultant Binge" Gabe Mentuck and the Abandonment of His Showcase Farm The Persistence of Seasonal Wage Labour Manomin Cultivation and Paddies Women and Work Goodbye to the Indian Agent The White Paper, 1969 Epilogue. 100 Years from Treaty 1 Notes Bibliography Index.