Introduction: Popular Responses to Nation-Building in the Soviet and East European Borderlands, 1900-40 Petru Negura, Andrei Cusco, Svetlana Suveica Part 1 The Gaze of the State and the Reluctant Masses: Visions, Projects, and Failures 1 From National Indifference to Indifferent Nationality? The Ukrainian Masses and Nationhood in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union Fabian Baumann 2 "National Soul-Catching," State Categories, and Local Responses: Jewish and Ukrainian Challenges of the Census in Eastern Galicia and Eastern Lesser Poland, 1880-1931 Martin Rohde 3 Moving between Hierarchies: Small Finnic Nationalities in the Finnish and Soviet Modernizations during the Interwar Years Takehiro Okabe Part 2 Disruptive Outsiders, Alternative Narratives, and Local Agency 4 Populism, Anarchism, and Alternative Nation-Building "From the Left" in Modern Romania: The Cases of Zamfir C. Ralli Arbore and Constantin Stere Andrei Cu?co 5 The Positivist Education of Peasant Children: Village Schools, Local Agency, and the Advent of Polish Statehood Kathleen Wroblewski 6 Elites, Soldiers, Locals, and the Many Faces of a Belarusian Nation Aleksandra Pomiecko Part 3 The Elites versus the People: Struggles, Tensions, Encounters 7 Treasonous Stripes: Embracing and Banning the Romanian Colors in Dualist Hungary Ágoston Berecz 8 Courting the Straggler Sheep? Hungarian Nation-Building and Popular Reactions among the Csángós, 1920-40 Gábor Egry 9 Interwar Dniester Jews between Romania and the Soviet Union: Struggles for Cultural Agency and Economic Survival Dmitry Tartakovsky Part 4 Peripheral Actors and Nationalizing Designs: Between Resistance and Survival 10 Dodging the Nation: Peasant Responses to Schooling and Nation-Building in the Interwar Romanian, Polish, and Soviet Borderlands Petru Negura 11 Singing a Different Tune: Jewish Converts and Musical Resistance in Interwar Bessarabia Iemima Ploscariu 12 Criminalizing Belief and Disciplining the Masses: Gendarmes and Orthodox Priests in the First Trial against Old Calendarists in Bessarabia (1934-5) Andreea Kaltenbrunner 13 Choosing the Soviet Union over Romania: The 1940 Jewish Exodus as Protest and Survival Svetlana Suveica Index.