Illuminating Minds offers the first comprehensive intellectual history of classical Islamic educational thought from the eighth to the eleventh century CE. Tracing a line from Ibn al-Muqaffa's vision of educated leadership to Miskawayh's ethical pedagogy, the book reconstructs education not as a marginal concern but as a central discourse shaping ethics, philosophy, theology, mysticism, literature, and political reflection. Drawing on a wide range of Arabic primary sources--many examined for the first time through a pedagogical lens--it analyses curricular concepts, theories of knowledge, teaching methods, and ideals of character formation across diverse scholarly milieus. By presenting ten major Muslim thinkers as pioneers of distinct yet interconnected educational visions, the study reveals a coherent movement toward ethics as the horizon of learning in classical Islam.