List of Figures Abbreviations Volume I Introduction 1 Art and Sol: Some Parameters for an Analysis of Images of the Roman Sun 1 Two Sun Gods? 2 Reading Roman Art - The Problem of the "Greek Norm" 3 Greek Art and Etruscan Art 4 Greek Art and Good Taste 5 The Iconographic Toolbox 6 The Semantics of Roman Art 7 Matters of Methodology 8 The Interpretative Process - Understanding Manners of Meaning2 Recognizing Sol: The Three Main Image Types 1 Introduction 2 Criteria 3 Divine Radiance3 Understanding the Image Types for Sol: Main Definitions 1 Introduction 2 Chronological Evolution and Meaningful Patterns 3 Sol as a Deity 4 Sol in Mythological Scenes 5 Sol as a Minor Figure 6 Sol-and-Luna 1 - Architecture and Liminality 7 Sol-and-Luna 2 - Attributes of Aeternitas 8 Sol-and-Luna 3 - Cultic Reliefs 9 Sol-and-Luna 4 - Sarcophagi 10 Sol-and-Luna 5 - Alone, without Context 11 Sol-and-Luna 6 - Early Middle Ages 12 Sol Alone, as Minor Figure or in Complex Scenes 13 Intaglios4 Understanding the Image Types for Sol: Specific Cases 1 Sol and Alexander 2 Sol in the Synagogue 3 A Divine Kiss on the Lips 4 Funerary Altar of Julia Victorina 5 Mithras 6 Preliminary Results 7 Sol: The Planet The Images: Catalogue and Discussion 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Catalogue 4 Discussion Volume II 5 Temples and Priests of Sol in Rome 1 The Origins of the Cult of Sol in Rome 2 Early Temples of Sol in Rome: Circus Maximus and Quirinal 3 The Porticus Solis - a Misidentified Temple of Sol 4 Priests and Others Involved in the Cult 5 Sol and the Roman Notions of Divinity Appendix: Inscriptions Cited by Palmer and Chausson6 Solar, Divine, or Imperial? Understanding the Radiance of Gods and Emperors in Roman Art 1 Introduction 2 A Hint of Sol 3 A Statue in Raleigh 4 The Sternenstreit 5 Circe 6 The Imperial Radiate Crown7 The Emperor as Sol? 1 Nero as Sol? 2 Other Depictions of the Emperor as Sol? 3 Constantine as Sol? 4 Conclusions8 Sol-Luna Symbolism and the Carmen Saeculare of Horace 1 Introduction 2 The Sign Sol-and-Luna 3 Horace''s Carmen Saeculare - Another terminus ante quem 4 Mommsen''s Criticism and Its Aftermath 5 Horace''s Hymn Rehabilitated 6 In Conclusion9 Image and Word: Christ or Sol in Mausoleum M of the Vatican Necropolis? 1 Introduction 2 Mausoleum M 3 Interpretation and the Diachronic Aspect 4 Parallels 5 With Roman Eyes 6 Visual Impact, Meaning, and Atmosphere 7 Visual Meanings versus Verbal Ones 8 In Conclusion10 From Aurelian to Julian: Sol in Late Antiquity 1 Sol Invictus and Christmas 2 Pagans, Christians, and Cosmic Divinity 3 Pagans, Christians, and "Solar Theology" 4 Sol as Supreme Deity? 5 Beliefs, Ambiguities, and Imagery 6 Constantine and Purposeful Traditionalism 7 In Conclusion11 The Invention of Sol Invictus: An Analysis of Previous Research on Sol 1 The Republican Sun God 2 The Orient and the Imperial Sol 3 Classical Studies and the Western Elite 4 The Tenacity of Paradigms and Ideology Conclusions Bibliography Concordances Plates I Sol: A Viewer''s Typology II Catalogue Index.