Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Trends in Arabic Thought between Past and Present: The Arab Heritage and Modernity 2 Al-'Aqlaniyya al-Mu'tadila ('Moderate Rationalism'): Yousuf Karam (1889-1959) 3 Al-Raimaniyya ('Womb-ism'): Zaki al-Din al-Arsuzi (1899-1968) 4 Al-Madraiyya ('Material Spiritualism'): Antoun Saadeh (1904-49)5 Al-Jawwaniyya ('Internalism'): Othman Amin (1905-78)6 Al-Kiyaniyya ('Beingism'): Charles Malik (1906-87)7 Al-Wa'iyya al-Maniqiyya ('Logical Positivism') and al-Iilaiyya al-uriyya ('Formalist Conventionalism'): Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (1905-93) and Yasin Khalil (1934-86)8 Al-Shakhaniyya al-Mutawassiiyya ('Mediterranean Personalism'): René Habachi (1915-2003)9 Al-T'aduliyya ('Equilibriumism') and al-Nalamiyya ('Christislamity'): Kamal Yousuf al-Hajj (1917-76)10 Al-Wujudiyya al-'Arabiyya ('Arab Existentialism'): Abderrahmane Badawi (1917-2002)11 Al-Shakhaniyya al-Waqi'yya ('Realistic Personalism'): Mohammed Aziz Lahbabi (1922-2003)12 Al-'Ilmawiyya ('Scientism'): Mohammed Abderrahman Marhaba (1925-2006)13 Al-'Aqlaniyya al-'Arabiyya ('Arab Rationalism'): Husam al-Alusi (1936-2013)14 Al-Tarikhiyya al-Madiyya ('Historical Materialism'): Sadik Jalal al-Azm (1934-2016)15 Al-Tafkikiyya ('Deconstructionism') and al-Ikhtilaf ('Difference'): Abdelkebir Khatibi (1938-2009)16 Fatema Mernissi (1940-2015): Modernity and the Standard-Bearer of Feminism17 Al-Tanwiriyya Rushdiyya ('Rushdian Enlightenment'): Murad Wahbah (1926-)Conclusion Bibliography Index.