Introduction Part I: Sectarianism Chapter 1: Sectarianism: A Multifaceted Notion Chapter 2: Rise of Sectarianism in the Islamic World Chapter 3: Cultural Diversity and the Sectarian Threat Part II: Jihad and Jihadism Chapter 4: Jihad: Term and Concept Chapter 5: Jihad as a Classical Notion Chapter 6: Jihad and the Sect: Sunni and Shia Interpretations Chapter 7: Salafi-Jihadism Chapter 8: Jihad and Militancy Part III: Islamism and Salafism Chapter 9: Foundations and Core Objectives Chapter 10: The Struggle for an Islamic System Part IV: Modern Middle East: Aspirations and Challenges Chapter 11: Emergence of Nationalism Chapter 12: Development of National Borders Chapter 13: Post-Independence: States in Turmoil Chapter 14: Popular Uprisings Chapter 15: Political Islam and the Islamization of Popular Uprisings Part V: Sectarian Extremism Chapter 16: Sectarianized Politics and Religionized Extremism Chapter 17: Beyond Sunni and Shia: Politico-Sectarian Roots of Contemporary Islamist Extremism Part VI: Sectarianized Jihadi Discourse Chapter 18: Sectarian-Guided Fatwas of Jihad Chapter 19: Jihad in the Discourse of Sectarian Extremists Conclusion.