Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Turning Points of Muslim Presence in Japan 1 The Ertugrul Incident 2 War with Russia - Tatar Refugees 3 Early Japanese Muslims 4 Early Mosques 5 Increasing Research on Islam before the World War II 6 Post-war Japanese Economy - Second Wave of Muslim Immigrants2 Muslims and Islam in Contemporary Japan 1 Muslims Today 2 Perceptions on Islam3 Religion and Identity in Japan 1 Secular Lives, Ritual Practices, and Ambient Religiosity 2 Diverse Paths of Religious Socialisation 3 Learning Religion through Cultural Transmission4 Conversion to Islam in Japan 1 First Stage - the Memorable Encounter 2 Second Stage - the Evaluation Phase 3 Third Stage - Decision and Conversion5 Between Tradition and Faith - the Japanese Muslim Identity 1 First Reactions 2 Invisible Religious Identity 3 Reconciling Identities without a Crisis 4 Japanese Identity and Belonging to Japanese Society6 Life as a Japanese Muslim - Identity, Challenges, and Adaptation 1 Practical Challenges 2 Personal Challenges 3 Social Challenges 4 Reflecting on Japanese Society7 Community and Belonging - the Role of Mosques and Muslim Networks 1 Participating in Events Organised by Mosques and Masjids 2 Barriers to Participation 3 Relations of Japanese Muslims and Immigrant Muslims Conclusion Appendices Bibliography Index.