The "Prayer for the Welfare of the Government" serves as a positive expression of Jewish loyalty to non-Jewish rulers. The "Prayer for the Welfare of the State of Israel" requests peace and blessing for the inhabitants of the Land of Israel, its leaders, and soldiers, and expresses hope for and belief in the complete ingathering of the exiles in the Land of Israel. The two prayers are very political, and until now have not yet been the subjects of in-depth and extensive research. This monograph is groundbreaking in its analysis of the connections between the two prayers, their histories and early texts, the messianic meaning of the Tefillah le-Shlom ha-Medinah, the acceptance of this prayer, and alternative prayers intended to change its content and meaning.