Introduction Public Space in Saudi Arabia Non-physical Public Space: From Satellite TV to Twitter Chapter 1: Criticizing Religion Religion, Modernity, and the Secular Horizon The 'Authenticity/Identity' Prism Islam in Saudi Arabia Religion and Society Conclusion Chapter 2: Ambivalent Religiosity Ambivalent Religiosity? Is Saudi Arabian Society 'Religious'? Sin and the Ambivalence of Religion in Saudi Arabia Sin The Institutionalization of Sin Modern Laws Banking International Scholarship Program Celebration of National Day Saudi Society and Sin Conclusion: Religion as Solidarity Chapter 3: Criticizing Religion on Twitter Heresy on Twitter: General overview Saudi Religion vs Islam Dissonant Religiosity The Exclusivist Nature of Saudi religion Preoccupation with Women Wahhabism The Authority of the Ulama Criticism of Obligations and Prohibitions Individual Religiosity Questioning Religion Atheism in Saudi Arabia Conclusion: Contours of Criticizing Religion Chapter 4: Religious Disengagements First: The Childhood and Growing Up Phase A. Religious Families Who Impose Religion on Their Children B. Religious Families Who Do Not Impose Religion on Their Children C. Non-Religious Families Second: Turning Towards Religion A. Individual Transformation B. Transformation With Group Belonging C. Disengagement From Religion Conclusion Chatper 5: Backlash: Takfir Campaigns Orthodoxy and Heresy in Saudi Arabia Brief History of Heresy Condemnations: Takfir Accusations of Kufr Takfir in Saudi Arabia: before 2012 Takfir Campaigns: 2012-2013 Takfir Petitions Perfect Takfir Conclusion The Public and Takfir The Ulama and Takfir Chapter 6: Evolution of Saudi Religion Twitter Hashtag Sources Index.