Chapter 1: What is Ethnography Introducing and defining ethnography The value of ethnography: why ethnographic research The characteristics of ethnography Ethnography is informed by the concept of culture in context A note on the historical evolution of ethnography as an approach to science: from researcher-led and represented to collaborative and community-led Transforming ethnographic research into action through diverse approaches to change Responding to critiques about how cultural politics affect ethnographers'' practice, identity and research Summary Chapter 2. The ethics of ethnographic field research What are ethics? What are social science research ethics? A brief historical review Negotiating identity, positionality, and power: intersectionality in ethnographic research The basic ethical principles governing conduct of research with human beings The Belmont principles: justice, beneficence and respect for persons Voluntarism, informed consent, risks and benefits, vulnerable subjects and sensitive topics Disciplinary and professional codes of ethics Institutional review boards (irbs) and how ethnographers can work with them Special ethical concerns in site-based ethnographic research Summary Chapter 3: U sing theory to frame the conduct of ethnographic research Introduction Multiple perspectives: how ethnographers frame cultural research What are research paradigms A paradigmatic synthesis Beyond grounded theory: local theoretical models What are midrange theories Summary Chapter 4: an overview of research design Introduction: research design: a blueprint for action Research designs in social science research Qualitative designs Quantitative designs Integrating quantitative and experimental with qualitative and multiple methods research designs Chapter 5. Choosing and designing an ethnographic research project Introduction Where do research questions come from? Deciding what to investigate: transforming research purposes into the elements of a research design Putting together the elements of a research design Elaborating research questions The processes of operationalization and research modeling Conceptualizing research models and conceptual modeling Identifying populations and study sites Strategies for selection of systematic sampling units for study Summary Chapter 6. Collecting ethnographic data Techniques for collecting multiple types of data Resources and logistics: how ethnographers allocate time, money, and staff Creating planning documents and timelines Chapter 7. Data analysis: how ethnographers make sense of their data Introduction Analysis as both a cognitive process and a technical procedure When does data analysis begin and how does it unfold? "chunking" data into large conceptual categories or "bins" Defining terms: operational and conceptual levels of analysis Finding initial themes or regularities The item level of analysis: isolating empirical "bits" from streams of data The pattern level of analysis: aggregating groups of items The structural level of analysis: assembling multiple patterns into structures informed by domains Seeking complex relationships across domains and structures by using multiple levels and sources of data Interpreting results: figuring out what the story means Levels of theory Summary Chapter 8: Working together and across disciplines Introduction Learning research teamwork by joining or participating in a research team Partnering in ethnographic research across disciplines, sectors and communities Building and conducting ethnographic team research Collecting data with a research team Building transdisciplinary community research partnerships Challenges and rewards in ethnographic teamwork and interdisciplinary intersectoral partnerships Summary Chapter 9: Applying ethnography to solve problems and address inequities Introduction to applying ethnography to solve social problems Products of ethnographic research Informing public audiences: dissemination Developing interventions Improving quantitative instruments Influencing teacher/educator practice Democratizing ethnography through participatory action research Improving process and outcome evaluations Influencing policy Supporting advocacy Contributing to science Chapter 10. Evolving Frontiers in Ethnography Introduction Ethnography, technology and artificial intelligence Conducting digital (internet) ethnography Integrating art into the conduct and dissemination of ethnographic research Summary nformed consent, risks and benefits, vulnerable subjects and sensitive topics Disciplinary and professional codes of ethics Institutional review boards (irbs) and how ethnographers can work with them Special ethical concerns in site-based ethnographic research Summary Chapter 3: U sing theory to frame the conduct of ethnographic research Introduction Multiple perspectives: how ethnographers frame cultural research What are research paradigms A paradigmatic synthesis Beyond grounded theory: local theoretical models What are midrange theories Summary Chapter 4: an overview of research design Introduction: research design: a blueprint for action Research designs in social science research Qualitative designs Quantitative designs Integrating quantitative and experimental with qualitative and multiple methods research designs Chapter 5. Choosing and designing an ethnographic research project Introduction Where do research questions come from? Deciding what to investigate: transforming research purposes into the elements of a research design Putting together the elements of a research design Elaborating research questions The processes of operationalization and research modeling Conceptualizing research models and conceptual modeling Identifying populations and study sites Strategies for selection of systematic sampling units for study Summary Chapter 6. Collecting ethnographic data Techniques for collecting multiple types of data Resources and logistics: how ethnographers allocate time, money, and staff Creating planning documents and timelines Chapter 7.

Data analysis: how ethnographers make sense of their data Introduction Analysis as both a cognitive process and a technical procedure When does data analysis begin and how does it unfold? "chunking" data into large conceptual categories or "bins" Defining terms: operational and conceptual levels of analysis Finding initial themes or regularities The item level of analysis: isolating empirical "bits" from streams of data The pattern level of analysis: aggregating groups of items The structural level of analysis: assembling multiple patterns into structures informed by domains Seeking complex relationships across domains and structures by using multiple levels and sources of data Interpreting results: figuring out what the story means Levels of theory Summary Chapter 8: Working together and across disciplines Introduction Learning research teamwork by joining or participating in a research team Partnering in ethnographic research across disciplines, sectors and communities Building and conducting ethnographic team research Collecting data with a research team Building transdisciplinary community research partnerships Challenges and rewards in ethnographic teamwork and interdisciplinary intersectoral partnerships Summary Chapter 9: Applying ethnography to solve problems and address inequities Introduction to applying ethnography to solve social problems Products of ethnographic research Informing public audiences: dissemination Developing interventions Improving quantitative instruments Influencing teacher/educator practice Democratizing ethnography through participatory action research Improving process and outcome evaluations Influencing policy Supporting advocacy Contributing to science Chapter 10. Evolving Frontiers in Ethnography Introduction Ethnography, technology and artificial intelligence Conducting digital (internet) ethnography Integrating art into the conduct and dissemination of ethnographic research Summaryon Where do research questions come from? Deciding what to investigate: transforming research purposes into the elements of a research design Putting together the elements of a research design Elaborating research questions The processes of operationalization and research modeling Conceptualizing research models and conceptual modeling Identifying populations and study sites Strategies for selection of systematic sampling units for study Summary Chapter 6. Collecting ethnographic data Techniques for collecting multiple types of data Resources and logistics: how ethnographers allocate time, money, and staff C.