List of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction PHILIP KREAGER AND YULIYA HILEVYCH Part I The Descent from Macro: Comparing Regional Population Distributions A Spatial Approach to European Fertility Trends since 2008 NICHOLAS CAMPISI Macro-Economic Conditions and Regional Variation in the Russian Total Fertility Rollercoaster, 1992-2019 MICHAEL ZASLAVSKY, TED GERBER, AND SUNNEE BILLINGSLEY Forerunners, Space, and the Role of Religion during the Fertility Transition in England and Wales, 1851-1911 STEPHANIE THIEHOFF Continuity and Change in Spatial Patterns of Fertility: The Case of London HANNALIIS JAADLA, ALICE REID, EILIDH GARRETT AND KEVIN SCHÜRER Part II The Rich Potential of Meso: Synergies from Combined Top-Down and Bottom-Up Population Thinking Low Fertilities before the Fertility Transition: Childlessness and Small Families in a 19th-century Dutch Province HILDE BRAS When Marriage Becomes Unattainable: A Cohort Analysis of Fertility in Rural South Africa HANNAH GARDNER Part III Understanding Communication Communities 7. A Different View on ?Low? Fertility: Perceptions of Ideal Family Size and Women?s Reproductive Pathways across Generations in Central Oman MAREN JORDAN Postponement of Subsequent Childbirth: Fertility Decline under Conditions of Uncertainty in Botswana and Lesotho ASTRID BOCHOW AND LENA KROEKER Crisis-Led Fertility Declines? Theorising the Influence of Compounding Crises and Structural Violence on Low Fertility in South Africa KAMMILA NAIDOO Gendered Fertility: Reproductive Desires and Practices in Two Neighbourhoods in Contemporary Havana HEIDI H?RKÖNEN Intergenerational Support for Childcare: An Essential for Making the Second-child Decision in the Two-Child Policy Era SHIBEI NI ?In this generation, they mostly had one child?: Reproductive Norms and Reproductive Uncertainties of One-Child Families a the Onset of Low Fertility in Soviet Ukraine YULIYA HILEVYCH Conclusions and Outstanding Issues PHILIP KREAGER AND YULIYA HILEVYCH Index.