ContentsIntroduction to the Research Handbook on Population Heterogeneities:Demographic Dynamics and Population Heterogeneity xvIñaki PermanyerPART I HEALTH AND MORTALITY: MORTALITY AND HEALTH GRADIENTS1 Contemporary mortality gradients across SES groups 2Alyson van Raalte2 Mortality across generations: patterns, mechanisms, and gradients 20Enrique Acosta3 Lifespan inequality 40Isaac Sasson and Yan Zheng4 Multiple causes of death and educational inequalities in key medicalfactors 58Sergi Trias-Llimós and Enrique Pérez-Miguel5 Regional patterns, inequalities, and structural challenges of violence: thecase of Brazil 76Denise Helena França Marques and José Manuel Aburto6 Neurodegeneration in old age from a social science perspective 96Anna-Victoria Holtz and Gabriele Doblhammer7 Health expectancy differentials by socioeconomic status 123Aïda Solé-Auró, Madelín Gómez-León and Sahar AhmedPART II FAMILY AND FERTILITY8 Fertility gradients by education: convergence or rising heterogeneity? 143Ester Lazzari9 Labor market and fertility 163Anna Matysiak and Beata Osiewalska10 Living arrangements in a cross-national perspective: trends by age, sex,and time 183Huifen Fang, Juan Galeano and Albert Esteve11 Educational heterogeneity and social-class differentiation in global familychange 204Luca Maria Pesando, Joan García Román and Iñaki Permanyer12 Sexual orientation and family demography 233Diederik BoertienPART III MIGRATION13 Internal migration and subnational population heterogeneity 247Aude Bernard and Rosabella Borsellino14 Migration and regional development 261Leo van Wissen15 The importance of refugees and their descendants for understandingpopulation heterogeneity 276Ben Wilson, Frankseco Yorke, Elena Pupaza and Lisa Harber-Aschan16 Migration and big data in the context of heterogeneity: insights fordemography and population studies 303Tuba Bircan and Sinem Yilmaz17 Migration, physical health, and mortality 326Matthew WallacePART IV CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ON POPULATION HETEROGENEITIES18 Gender inequalities in population studies 352Virginia Zarulli, Maria Sironi and Giambattista Salinari19 Spatial heterogeneities in human populations: significance and applications 380Elin Charles-Edwards20 Projecting population heterogeneities 398Ana Cristina Gómez-Ugarte and Ugofilippo BaselliniPART V IMPLICATIONS AND POLICIES21 Social divisions, instability, and conflict 423Joan Esteban and Laura Mayoral22 Population heterogeneity, the return of essentialism and collective memory 439.