Contents1 The emergence of a paradigm: the biological turn in education 1Paola Mattei, Sophie Pia Stieger, Anna Kyriazi and Christian YdesenPART I DRIVERS, POLICY DIFFUSION, AND POLICY REFORMS2 From eugenics to neurodiversity: the expanding system ofSpecial Education and Disability (SEND) and AlternativeProvision (AP) schooling in England 21Sally Tomlinson3 Brainpower as biopower: social-emotional learning and thepolitics of class division 35Audrey Bryan and Yoko Mochizuki4 Global diffusion and divergence of neuroscience in education:the EU and OECD compared 56Anna Kyriazi, Paola Mattei and Federico Bruno5 The neuro-affective turn, donor influence, and the making ofearly grade foundational learning policy 80Mia Chin6 Infrastructuring bio-edu-data sciences: networks, methods,and technologies 100Ben WilliamsonPART II OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS7 Culture as a biological force: identity, epigenetics, and thefuture of cultural rights 120Maria P. Abbracchio and Monica Amari8 Genetics of education: from research to policy to improveeducational performance and equality 141Kim Stienstra and Gaia Ghirardi9 Genes and the environment: the heritability of education 161Giorgia Menta, Lorenzo Cappellari, Daniele Checchi andSonia Brescianini10 Ethics and intersectionality in geno-education in the UnitedStates 182Daphne O. Martschenko and Maya SabatelloPART III HISTORICIZING THE PARADIGM11 From IQ to AI: the use of biological data in Swedish specialeducation since the 1930s 207Thom Axelsson12 From brains to genes: a diachronic comparison of intelligencetesting and genetic profiling in educational prognostics 228Christian Ydesen13 Genomic research, the technocratic myth, and their ambitionsfor education - historical reflections on Lewis Terman'sGenetic Study of Gifted Children 249Till Neuhaus and Michaela Vogt14 Educated bodies, educated brains: untangling the web ofideas behind the contemporary biological turn in education 268Sophie Pia Stieger15 Anthropocene biopolitics and the bio-affective turn ineducation and childhood studies: where is the resistance? 287Kirsi Yliniva and Julian Reid16 Commentary chapter - the biological turn in educationresearch: paradigm change or rebordering the field? 306Antoni Verger.