Tables and Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Innovation in Canadian Local Government 3 Joseph Lyons, Tyler Romualdi, and Zachary Spicer PART ONE: Changing Organizations 15 Zachary Spicer, Joseph Lyons, and Tyler Romualdi 1 Durham: Innovation and Design Services 22 Emma McGarry Ware 2 District of Squamish: The IDEA Committee 37 Keely Kidner 3 York Region: iLabs 52 Michelle Adlam 4 Toronto Community Housing: Anti-Black Racism Strategy, Action Plan, and the Centre for Advancing the Interests of Black People 67 Krystle Skeete, Safia Hirsi, Shaquille Morgan, and Zakaria Abdulle PART TWO: Changing Processes 79 Zachary Spicer, Joseph Lyons, and Tyler Romualdi 5 Town of Ajax: Fire Data Mapping and Senior and Qualified Residents Snow Removal Program 87 Nicole Cooper and Chris Walker 6 Guelph-Wellington: Rural-Urban Living Lab 100 Barb Swartzentruber 7 York Region: COVID Wastewater Surveillance Research Pilot Project 114 Carina Bee, Hadi Dhiyebi, Jennifer Khemai, Asim Qasim, Jessica Armstrong, Mark Payne, and Mark R. Servos 8 Markham, Oakville, and Quinte West: The Municipal Special Event Advisory Team Model 128 Rebecca Cotter 9 The City of Waterloo: The Waterloo Decision Support System 146 Cassandra Pacey 10 The City of Richmond: Long-Term Planning and Development of District Energy Utility Infrastructure 160 Peter Russell and Alen Postolka PART THREE: Changing Services 177 Zachary Spicer, Joseph Lyons, and Tyler Romualdi 11 The City of Vaughan: The Maintenance Decision Support System 187 Maurice Battistuzzi 12 Hamilton Public Library: Extended Access 200 Simona Dinu and Sherry Fahim 13 The City of Toronto: Indigenous People in Toronto: An Introduction for Newcomers 212 Maimuna Gaye, Francesca Serena Pecora, and Nicole Watson 14 The Municipality of Middlesex Centre: Electronic Building Permits 222 Arnie Marsman 15 The City of Mississauga: Smart Streetlight Poles 236 Craig Stumpf and Karen Gomez 16 The City of Toronto: Using Behavioural Insights to Increase Registered Education Savings Plan Enrollments 247 Paolo Staffieri 17 The City of Guelph: Using Artificial Intelligence to Support Waste Diversion 272 Chad Scott and Vivian De Giovanni Conclusion: Lessons Learned from Innovative Canadian Local Governments 282 Zachary Spicer, Joseph Lyons, and Tyler Romualdi Bibliography 301 Contributors 317 Index 321.