Contents Acknowledgements List of Maps, Figures, Graphs, and Tables A Note on Units of Measurement A Note on Geographical Names 1 Introduction 1 Main Question 2 Contributions2 Geography and Commercial History of the Southeastern Black Sea Region (1829-1914) 1 Geography, Agriculture, and Commerce 2 Long-Term Trends in Commerce 3 Chapter Summary3 Maritime Change (1829-1914) 1 The First Generation of Steamships (1836-1853) 2 The Second Generation of Steamships (1856-1879) 3 The Third Generation of Steamships (1879-1914) 4 Chapter Summary4 Commercial Age of Change: Formation and Transformation of Long-Distance Markets 1 Imperfections in the Local Market 2 Formation of Long-Distance Markets (The Mid-1850s- Late 1860s) 3 Transformation of Long-Distance Markets (The Late 1880s-1910s) 4 Chapter Summary5 Long-Distance Markets and Agricultural Change 1 The First Period of Agricultural Change: Tobacco and Haricot Beans (The Mid-1850s to Late 1860s) 2 The Second Period of Agricultural Change: Cereals, Tobacco, and Hazelnuts (1890s-1910s) 3 Chapter Summary6 Agricultural Age of Change: Change in Production Processes 1 Ecology, Climate, and Technology 2 Changes in the Labor and Agricultural Calendars 3 Chapter Summary7 Agricultural Age of Change: Growth (1880s-1910s) 1 Extensive Growth in Grains 2 Growth in Industrial Crops, Cash Crops, and Fruits 3 Chapter Summary8 Conclusion 1 Geographical, Ecological, and Economic Premises 2 Areas for Further Research Appendix 1: Merchants Appendix 2: Photos Appendix 3: Climate Appendix 4: Tobacco Expedition of 1844-1847 310 Appendix 5: Long-term Prices (Durum/Hard Wheat) 326 Appendix 6: Long-Term Prices (Barley) 334 Appendix 7: Long-Term Prices (Maize) 342 Appendix 8: Long-Term Prices (Hazelnut) 350 Appendix 9: Long-Term Prices (Haricot Beans) 357 Appendix 10: Prices of Tobacco 364 Appendix 11: Population Statistics 366 Appendix 12: Various Agricultural Estimations 367 Appendix 13: Agricultural Estimations of Late-1880s and 1909 369 Bibliography 382.