Foreword David F. Treagust About the Cover List of Figures and Tables Part 1: What Research Has to Tell Teachers about Learning Experiences outside School (LEOS) Chapter 1: Enhancing Science Learning Chapter Overview Introduction Educational Context Research in LEOS Structure and Organization of the Book Assumptions and Terms Used in LEOS Writing and Literature Chapter 2: Formal, Informal, Non-Formal Learning & Free-Choice Learning Chapter Overview Introduction Theories of Learning Behaviorist Theories of Learning Constructivism Social Constructivism Sociocultural Theories of Learning Types of Learning Formal Learning Non-Formal Learning Informal Learning Chapter 3: Learning Experiences outside School Chapter Overview Introduction Ways by Which LEOS May Be Facilitated Learning Environments and LEOS LEOS: Implications for School Science Chapter 4: The Learner-Integrated Field Trip Inventory (LIFTI) Chapter Overview Introduction Learner-Integrated Field Trip Inventory (LIFTI) Chapter 5: Integrating Formal, Informal and Non-Formal Learning Using the Digitally-Integrated Fieldtrip Inventory (DIFI) Chapter Overview Introduction Blended Learning The Digitally-Integrated Fieldtrip Inventory (DIFI) Part 2: The Practice of Learning Experiences outside School Chapter 6: Learning Biological Sciences via Learning Experiences outside School Introduction Biological Sciences Reflections and Conclusions Chapter 7: Learning Chemical Sciences via Learning Experiences outside School Introduction Chemical Sciences Reflections and Conclusions Chapter 8: Learning Earth & Space Sciences via Learning Experiences outside School Introduction Earth & Space Sciences Reflections and Conclusions Chapter 9: Learning Physical Sciences via Learning Experiences outside School Introduction Physical Sciences Reflections and Conclusions Appendix: The New Zealand Curriculum and Science Curriculum Index.