Acknowledgements List of Figures and Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 The Aims of This Monograph 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Chronological and Geographical Range 1.4 Topography and Geographical Setting 1.5 Structure of the Monograph 2 Sources, Historiography, Method & Theory 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sources and Historiography 2.

3 Method and Theory 2.4 Conclusion 3 From Hellenistic Kingdoms to Roman Authority in the Levant 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Hellenistic Kingdoms in the Levant 3.3 The Ituraeans and the Ituraean Principality 4 Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Berytus 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Palaeolithic-Chalcolithic Activity (through 3000 BCE) 4.3 Bronze Age (3000 BCE-1200 BCE) 4.

4 Iron Age (1200 BCE-323 BCE) 4.5 Hellenistic (323 BCE-15 BCE) 4.6 Conclusion: Pre-Roman Berytus 5 Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Baalbek and the Bekaa 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Names Baalbek and Heliopolis 5.3 Prehistoric and Hellenistic Baalbek 5.4 The Prehistoric and Hellenistic Bekaa and Ituraean Territories 5.5 Conclusion and Interpretation 6 Roman Berytus 6.

1 Introduction 6.2 The Cardo Maximus and Colonnaded Decumani 6.3 Public Buildings and Religious Architecture 6.4 Domestic Architecture 6.5 Commerce 6.6 Funerary Practice 6.7 Conclusions: The Reconstruction of Berytus 7 Deir el-Qalaa 7.1 Introduction 7.

2 The Sacred Area at Deir el-Qalaa 7.3 The Settlement Area 7.4 The Deities and the Inscriptions 7.5 Conclusions 8 The Sanctuaries of Niha and Hosn Niha 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Niha 8.3 Hosn Niha 8.4 Conclusion: Ancient Nihata and Hosn Niha 9 The Religious Landscape of Baalbek in the Roman Period 9.

1 Introduction 9.2 Early Roman Baalbek: 15 BCE-Mid-second Century 9.3 The Later Roman Empire: From the Mid-second Century to the Fourth Century 9.4 Funerary Practice in Baalbek and Douris 9.5 Conclusion: A Double Transformation 10 Life in the Colonia from Epigraphic, Numismatic, and Iconographic Evidence 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Heliopolitan Triad 10.3 Baalbek-Heliopolis and Imperial Patronage 10.

4 Euergetism by Private Citizens 10.5 Veterans and the Roman Army 10.6 Civilians, Public Officials, and Families 10.7 Voting Tribes 10.8 Conclusions: Life at Baalbek and in the Bekaa 11 Landscape and Religious Architecture in the Colonia 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Temples of Baalbek in the Landscape 11.3 The Temples of Niha in the Landscape 11.

4 Deir el-Qalaa 11.5 Conclusion 12 Conclusion 12.1 Conclusions on Berytus, Deir el-Qalaa, Niha, and Baalbek-Heliopolis 12.2 Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus: A Latin Intrusion in the Near East? Appendix A: Location Tables for Beirut Excavations Appendix B: Macrobius I.23.10-26 Glossary Bibliography Index.