About the Author xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Series Preface Corda 2e Rev 1 xxiii About the Companion Website xxv 1 First Flights 1 1.1 Preflight 2 1.2 The First Balloon Flight 3 1.3 The First Airplane Flight 5 1.4 The First Rotorcraft Flight 8 1.5 The First Supersonic Flight 9 1.6 The First Rocket Flights 12 1.7 The First Hypersonic Flight 17 1.
8 The First Spaceflight 19 1.9 The First Orbital Spaceflight 20 1.10 The First Manned Spaceflights 24 1.11 The First Flight on Mars 26 1.12 The First Flight Beyond Our Solar System 27 1.13 Organization of the Book 28 References 30 2 Introductory Concepts 31 2.1 Introduction to Aircraft 31 2.1.
1 The Airplane 33 2.1.1.1 Parts of an Airplane 33 2.1.1.2 Airplane Configurations 35 2.1.
2 The Helicopter 40 2.1.2.1 Parts of a Helicopter 40 2.1.2.2 Helicopter Configurations 42 2.1.
3 Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft 44 2.1.3.1 The Balloon 44 2.1.3.2 The Airship 47 2.1.
4 The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 50 2.2 Introductory Flight Concepts 52 2.2.1 Mach Number and the Regimes of Flight 52 2.2.2 The Free-Body Diagram and the Four Forces 55 2.2.2.
1 Wings-Level, Unaccelerated Flight 56 2.2.2.2 Climbing, Unaccelerated Flight 58 2.2.2.3 Descending, Unaccelerated Flight 59 2.2.
3 Aircraft Motions 60 2.2.4 Angle-of-Attack and Angle-of-Sideslip 61 2.2.5 FTT: The Trim Shot 63 2.2.6 The Flight Envelope 66 2.2.
6.1 Flight Envelope Boundaries 66 2.2.6.1.1 Aerodynamic Lift Limit 67 2.2.6.
1.2 Jet Engine Surge Limit 67 2.2.6.1.3 Altitude Limit 68 2.2.6.
1.4 Airspeed Limit 69 2.2.6.1.5 Mach Number Limit 69 2.2.6.
2 Flight Envelope Examples 70 2.2.6.3 Comparison of Flight Envelopes 76 2.3 The Atmosphere 77 2.3.1 Altitude Definitions 77 2.3.
2 Physical Description of the Atmosphere 81 2.3.3 Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere 82 2.3.4 Layers of the Atmosphere 83 2.3.4.1 The Troposphere 84 2.
3.4.2 The Stratosphere 84 2.3.4.3 The Mesosphere 85 2.3.4.
4 The Thermosphere 85 2.3.4.5 The Exosphere and Hard Space 86 2.3.5 GTT: Cabin Pressurization Test 86 2.3.6 Equation of Fluid Statics: The Hydrostatic Equation 88 2.
3.7 The Standard Atmosphere 92 2.3.7.1 Development of the Standard Atmosphere Model 93 2.3.7.1.
1 Isothermal Region 94 2.3.7.1.2 Gradient Region 96 2.3.7.2 Approximate, Exponential Atmosphere Model 99 2.
3.7.3 Standard Atmosphere Curve Fit Equations 101 2.3.7.4 Temperature, Pressure, and Density Ratios 101 2.4 Introductory Flight Test Concepts 104 2.4.
1 What Is Flight Test? 104 2.4.2 Types of Flight Testing 105 2.4.3 The Flight Test Process 106 2.4.4 Flight Test Techniques 108 2.4.
4.1 The Flight Profile 109 2.4.4.2 Flight Test Data Collection 110 2.4.5 Flight Test Safety and Risk Assessment 111 2.4.
6 The X-Planes 112 References 115 Problems 115 3 Foundations of Aerodynamics 117 3.1 Introduction 117 3.2 Fundamental Physical Properties of a Fluid 118 3.2.1 The Fluid Element 118 3.2.2 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 119 3.2.
2.1 Pressure 119 3.2.2.2 Specific Volume and Density 120 3.2.2.3 Temperature 120 3.
2.2.4 Standard Conditions 121 3.2.3 Kinematic Properties of a Flow 122 3.2.4 Streamlines and Pathlines 122 3.2.
4.1 FTT: In-Flight Flow Visualization 124 3.2.5 Transport Properties of a Fluid 127 3.2.5.1 Mass Transport 128 3.2.
5.2 Momentum Transport 128 3.2.5.3 Heat Transport 128 3.2.5.4 Coefficient of Viscosity and Sutherland''s Law 128 3.
3 Types of Aerodynamic Flows 130 3.3.1 Continuum and Non-Continuum Flows 130 3.3.2 Steady and Unsteady Flows 130 3.3.3 Incompressible and Compressible Flows 131 3.3.
4 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 132 3.4 Similarity Parameters 135 3.4.1 Mach Number 136 3.4.2 Reynolds Number 137 3.4.3 Pressure Coefficient 139 3.
4.4 Force and Moment Coefficients 139 3.4.5 Ratio of Specific Heats 140 3.4.6 Prandtl Number 140 3.4.7 Stanton Number 141 3.
4.8 Summary of Similarity Parameters 141 3.5 A Brief Review of Thermodynamics 143 3.5.1 Thermodynamic System and State 143 3.5.1.1 Thermodynamic System 143 3.
5.1.2 Properties of a System, Thermodynamic State, and Processes 144 3.5.2 Connecting the Thermodynamic State: The Equation of State 145 3.5.2.1 The Ideal Gas 145 3.
5.2.2 The Ideal Gas Equation of State 146 3.5.3 Additional Thermodynamic Properties: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy 148 3.5.3.1 Internal Energy 148 3.
5.3.2 Enthalpy 149 3.5.3.3 Entropy 149 3.5.4 Work and Heat 150 3.
5.4.1 Work 150 3.5.4.2 Heat 154 3.5.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics 155 3.
5.5.1 The Zeroth and Third Laws of Thermodynamics 155 3.5.5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 155 3.5.5.
3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 156 3.5.6 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 158 3.5.7 Isentropic Flow 162 3.6 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Motion 165 3.6.1 Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation 165 3.
6.2 Newton''s Second Law: The Momentum Equation 167 3.6.3 Conservation of Energy: The Energy Equation 172 3.6.4 Summary of the Governing Equations of Fluid Flow 174 3.7 Viscous Flow 175 3.7.
1 D''Alembert''s Paradox 175 3.7.2 Skin Friction and Shearing Stress 179 3.7.3 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers 180 3.7.4 Boundary Layer Transition 184 3.7.
5 Separated Flow 186 3.7.6 Skin Friction Drag 189 References 193 Problems 194 4 Airfoils and Wings 197 4.1 Introduction 198 4.2 Two-Dimensional Lifting Shapes: Airfoils 198 4.2.1 Airfoil Nomenclature and Construction 202 4.2.
2 Airfoil Numbering Systems 204 4.2.3 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 206 4.2.4 Airfoil Lift, Drag, and Pitching Moment 207 4.2.5 Pressure Coefficient 209 4.2.
6 Airfoil Lift, Drag, and Moment Curves 211 4.2.6.1 Airfoil Lift Curve 211 4.2.6.2 Geometric and Absolute Angles-of-Attack 212 4.2.
6.3 Airfoil Drag Curve 214 4.2.6.4 Airfoil Pitching Moment Curve 216 4.2.7 Data for Selected Symmetric and Cambered Airfoils 216 4.2.
8 Comparison of Symmetric and Cambered Airfoils 222 4.2.9 FTT: Lift and Drag in Steady, Gliding Flight 226 4.3 Three-Dimensional Aerodynamics: Wings 232 4.3.1 Finite Wings 232 4.3.1.
1 Wing Geometry and Nomenclature 232 4.3.1.2 Wingtip Vortices, the Wing Vortex System, and Wing Lift 235 4.3.1.3 Downwash and Induced Drag 238 4.3.
1.4 Summary of the Total Drag for a Wing 243 4.3.2 Lift and Drag Curves of Finite Wings 243 4.3.2.1 Finite Wing Lift Curve 244 4.3.
2.2 Finite Wing Drag Curve 246 4.3.3 High-Lift Devices 247 4.3.3.1 Flaps 247 4.3.
3.2 Leading Edge Devices 249 4.3.3.3 Spoilers 251 4.4 Theories of Lift 252 4.4.1 Theories of Lift: Action and Reaction 252 4.
4.2 Theories of Lift: Newtonian Theory 253 4.4.3 Theories of Lift: Equal Transit Time 253 4.4.4 Theories of Lift: Flow Deflection 254 4.4.5 Theories of Lift: Pressure and Shear Stress Distributions 254 4.
4.6 Theories of Lift: "Squashed" Streamtubes 255 4.4.7 Theories of Lift: Circulation 256 4.4.8 Anton Flettner and His Spinning Cylinders 258 4.5 Total Drag 260 4.5.
1 Drag of the Complete Aircraft 260 4.5.1.1 Interference Drag 262 4.5.1.2 Protuberance Drag 263 4.5.
1.3 Drag due to Roughness and Gaps 263 4.5.1.4 Trim Drag 264 4.5.2 Variation of Drag with Airspeed and Mach Number 264 4.6 GTT: Wind Tunnel Testing 266 4.
6.1 Wind Tunnel Description 266 4.6.2 Subsonic Wind Tunnel Velocity-Area Relation 268 4.6.3 Types of Wind Tunnels 269 4.6.4 Examples of Wind Tunnels 271 4.
6.4.1 The Whirling Arm 271 4.6.4.2 The Wright Brothers'' Wind Tunnel 272 4.6.4.
3 Variable Density Tunnel 273 4.7 GTT: Computational Fluid Dynamics 277 4.8 FTT: Aeromodeling 281 4.8.1 Stabilized Aeromodeling Methods 284 4.8.2 Dynamic Aeromodeling Methods 285 4.9 Aerodynamic Stall and Departure 288 4.
9.1 Stall Definitions 288 4.9.2 Aerodynamics of Stall 291 4.9.3 Post-Stall Aerodynamics 294 4.9.4 Spins 296 4.
9.5 FTT: Stall, Departure, and Spin Flight Testing 302 References 307 Problems 307 5 Supersonic Flight 309 5.1 Introduction 309 5.1.1 The Speed of Sound 310 5.1.2 The Critical Mach Number and Drag Divergence 313 5.1.
3 Compressibility Corrections 316 5.1.4 The Sound Barrier 321 5.1.5 Breaking the Sound Barrier 322 5.2 Shock and Expansion Waves 323 5.2.1 Isentropic Flow Relations 324 5.
2.2 Mach Waves 326 5.2.3 Shock Waves 328 5.2.3.1 Normal Shock Waves 329 5.2.
3.2 Oblique Shock Waves 333 5.2.3.3 FTT: Visualizing Shock Waves in Flight 334 5.2.4 Expansion Waves 337 5.2.
5 Sonic Boom 339 5.3 Supersonic Airfoils and Wings 341 5.3.1 Lift and Drag of Supersonic Airfoils 341 5.3.2 Supercritical Airfoils 344 5.3.3 Wings for Supersonic Flight 346 5.
3.3.1 Thin, Low-Aspect Ratio, Straight Wings 347 5.3.3.2 Swept Wings 349 <.